gratitude, turn round, and because of the proclamation disallowing them to bring barbarian women to Canton, and to sit in sedan-chairs, present whining petitions. The flowery nation and the barbarians must be distinctly divided; between those inside and outside there must be erected a great boundary. It is incumbent on the said chief and others to take the authoritative decisions which have been issued, and promulgate them for information. Why do they again, and a third time, obstinately refuse to transmit those injunctions, and dun us with requests to give a written document in return? Exceedingly does it indicate refractory stupidity. Hereafter it will be absolutely necessary to yield implicit obedience to the laws and regulations of the celestial empire, and adhere strictly to old arrangement. If, again, any dare to oppose or transgress, and again create disturbance, then, assuredly, in immediate adherence to the imperial will, a severe scrutiny will be made, and punishment inflicted. Decidedly, there will not be the least clemency or forbearance shown. Tremble at this! Intensely are these commands given!"

The court of directors, on these transactions being reported to them, disapproved so entirely of the conduct and views of their agents, that they came to the unanimous resolution of appointing a new committee. They decidedly abjured every intention of coercing the Chinese by threatening measures. In a subsequent despatch in 1832, they say, "The commerce between Great Britain and China is too important to be put to hazard without the most urgent and imperious necessity, and on no account upon considerations of a personal nature. It is a notion so commonly entertained and acted on by you, and encouraged by foreign merchants residing at Canton, that nothing is to be gained from the Chinese by obedience to their laws and edicts, but that much may be obtained by intimidation. You may have succeeded for the moment in setting the government at defiance; but that government has not only taken the first opportunity to assert its dominion, but also, with the view of making you feel the consequences of disobedience, it has almost invariably deprived you of some advantages which it had either tacitly or avowedly yielded to friendly

remonstrances."

OPENING OF THE BRITISH CHINA TRADE.

In the year 1833 an act was passed providing that the exclusive trade to China enjoyed by the East India Company should cease, from April 22, 1834, the company, indeed, being obliged to close all their commercial transactions from that day. In the same year another act was passed, regulating the manner in which the open trade, thus permitted, should be carried on; and this act provided for the appointment of a superintendent of the China trade; to whom, residing in China, were granted the powers deemed necessary for the purposes of commerce. The first person appointed to this office was the late Lord Napier, a captain in the navy; who received instructions to repair to Canton, for the purpose of discharging its duties. On the 14th of July, 1834, his lordship arrived, in the Andromache, at Macao; and soon after sailed for Canton, which he reached on the 25th.

In a former year, the viceroy of Canton, in an edict issued with reference to the approaching change in the trade, had said, "I hereby issue an order to the said hong-merchants, that they may forthwith enjoin my command on the said nation's chief, early to send a letter home, that if, indeed, after the thirteenth year of Taou-Kwang, the company be dissolved, it will, as heretofore, be incumbent to deliberate, and appoint a chief who understands the business, to come to Canton, for the general management of the commercial dealings; by which means affairs may be prevented from going to confusion, and benefits remain to commerce."

Before Lord Napier's arrival at Canton, all his movements had been closely watched by the Chinese government. A report was made that an English vessel of war, having on board a barbarian eye, (officer of rank,) had anchored at Cabreta Point, near Macao. Hereupon Loo, the governor of Canton, having understood that the English company was dissolved, and judging that this new officer was to supply the place of their tae-pan, or supercargo, issued an order that the hong-merchants should proceed to Macao, and ascertain what were the circumstances under which the trade was now to be conducted, and the regulations that would thence become necessary. Notice was given at the same time, that until a full report was made to the governor, and his consent obtained, the superintendent, though he

might reside at Macao, was by no means to present himself at Canton. In pursuance of this order, Hou-qua and Mouqua, deputed by the hong, proceeded to Macao, but before they could reach that place, Lord Napier had set out; and, notwithstanding all their efforts to overtake him, he arrived at Canton before them. Next day, a letter from him to the viceroy was presented at the city-gates, but was rejected on account of its not being in the form of a petition. The displeasure of the government was immediately manifested by the disappearance of all the native servants in the employ of the British.

A strong sensation was now created in the city, and a report was made to the hoppo, that, on the 18th of the present moon, about midnight, a barbarian ship's boat had arrived at Canton, bringing four English devils," who took up their abode in the factory. This being connected with the appearance of a British man-of-war in the outer seas, was represented as a clandestine stealing into Canton. The governor issued an order, declaring the impossibility, that in conformity to the laws of China, this new eye or officer could continue in that city:-"Even England has its laws; how much more the celestial empire! How flaming bright are its great laws and ordinances, more terrible than the awful thunderbolt! Under this whole bright heaven, none dares to disobey them. Under its shelter are the four seas. Subject to its soothing care are the ten thousand kingdoms." Actuated, however, by feelings of clemency, and allowing for the ignorance of national laws and customs incident to a stranger, he ordains, that if the latter, after having despatched the business on which he came, shall immediately return to Macao, and promise never to resort to Canton without special permission, the past offence will be overlooked.

The hong merchants tried all the means in their power to induce Lord Napier to give way; but his lordship having been refused access to the imperial officers, declined to communicate with the merchants. The latter, frustrated in all their endeavours, resolved to secure the good-will of their own government by proposing a suspension of the trade. By taking this course they obviated the suspicion of collusion, which probably induced the government to lay upon them so heavy a load of responsibility. In an elaborate mandate, issued by Governor Loo, their conduct is declared to be most highly praiseworthy, "manifesting a profound knowledge of the great principles of dignity." Yet he does not proceed immediately to take the strong step recommended. He pretends, indeed, that the trade and the duties arising from it, "do not concern the celestial empire, to the extent of a hair or a feather's down." But knowing the divine wish of his great master to cherish both those within and those without, he was unwilling to involve thousands of the latter in ruin for the disobedience and obstinacy of one individual. He therefore allowed a short interval, that the barbarian eye, said to be "a man of very solid and expansive mind, and placid speech," might have an opportunity to reconsider his rash decision.

At length, on the 2nd of September, the long-threatened order for the entire suspension of the trade was issued. Its effects were immediately apparent. Fresh provisions could no longer be procured, and Lord Napier and his suite were obliged to live on salt meat conveyed from the ships of war. Matters being thus brought to extremities, the resolution was taken to order up his Majesty's ships, Andromache and Imogene, which were anchored without the Bogue. The ships began to move on the 7th, and the forts defending the entrance of the river fired upon them. A contest ensued for an hour and three quarters, the time occupied in the winding passage of the channel, and the ships then anchored, in consequence of the state of the wind, until the 9th. On that day they proceeded on their way, and a contest again ensued with the forts on the shore, which, of course, were unable to prevent the passage of the vessels, though they occasioned the death of one man in each.

On the 11th another order was issued, in which the former demands of the Chinese government were repeated, and the conduct of Lord Napier severely stigmatized. Yet it was still intimated to him that, if he would repent of his errors and even then obey the laws of the empire, indulgence would be extended to him. It is unnecessary for us to detail the occurrences of the few days following, which rendered Lord Napier's position a very difficult one. His difficulties now were increased by severe indisposition, caused by toil and anxiety. Under these circumstances, he shrunk from the calamities which would ensue from the

continued suspension of intercourse; and on the 14th he | announced his determination to yield, and to quit Canton. The ships of war, also, on the demand of the native government, were ordered to move out to Lintin. It was at first intended to bring up a British cutter for his lordship; but, by arrangements afterwards made with the hong merchants, two chop-boats were provided, in which he embarked on the evening of the 21st. Although there had been a full understanding that he should be conveyed in a commodious manner, suited to his dignity and with the utmost possible despatch, it was soon discovered that they were under the convoy of several armed boats, which proceeded so very slowly that they anchored for the night still in sight of the town. They reached Heang-shan on the 23rd, at midnight, but were there detained for nearly two days, amid a tremendous beating of gongs, noise, and confusion, which severely aggravated his illness. It was not till after the most urgent representations, that Mr. Colledge, the surgeon, obtained a pass to proceed; nor did they reach Macao till the 28th. His lordship's weakness, however, which, at his departure was so great, that he required to be assisted into the boat, had increased so much, that the attentions of his family and medical attendants were of no avail, and he expired on the 11th of October. The functions of superintendent then devolved on Mr. Davis.

The Chinese authorities, according to custom, transmitted to court a boastful account of this transaction; representing Lord Napier as having been admitted to mercy only after the most humble submission, and then ignominiously driven out of Canton. As it had, however, been previously necessary to intimate the fact of the ships having forced their way up the river in defiance of the forts, that proud government, unwilling to own its weakness, threw the whole blame on the officers employed. In the "vermillioncoloured reply," it was said, "it seems that all the forts are erected in vain; they cannot beat back two barbarian ships;

it is ridiculous, detestable. The military preparations being reduced to such a state as this, it is not surprising that the outside barbarians regard them slightingly." By a mandate from the tribunal of war, the naval officer immediately in command, was degraded, and condemned to wear the cangue, or wooden pillory, in public at the maritime entrance. All the officers on duty at the forts were to carry the same disgraceful badge; he, the naval commander-in-chief, had, by gross negligence, shown himself wholly unworthy of employment, and was therefore deprived of it. Even Governor Loo must have his two-eyed peacock's feather plucked out and lose some of his titles; but, as he had announced certain active measures as new in operation for expelling the barbarians, he was allowed to retain the command, with injunctions, to carry his plan into effect.

The departure of Lord Napier was immediately followed by the re-opening of the trade, which took place on the 27th of December following. Speaking of Lord Napier, Mr. Reynolds, the historian of the Voyage of the United States' Frigate, Potomac, says, that his name will be remembered as that of a benefactor to the commercial world. "The English," continues this American writer, "have made a good beginning by battering down the Chinese forts on the river Canton; we hope they will follow it up, and with increased force teach the Chinese a still more impressive lesson of barbarian justice and prowess.' A certain amount of fighting is necessary, and the sooner it is done the better." To this sentence there is a note appended, rather curious for its amusing candour. "The English," says Mr. Reynolds, "who have so often fought the battles of their continental neighbours, will most probably perform this service, from which we shall be equally benefited; and should they now, as formerly, be content with the glory they may acquire for their pay, we cannot object, provided we increase our trade, and increase it we will."

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259

THE RUDIMENTS OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR, TAUGHT BY THE WORDS OF THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENT,

Classed according to the Parts of Speech; the several usages and variations of each Part being alphabetically arranged

according to the Number of Syllables.

THE Compiler of this little Work has observed, that Children who are required to read the Bible before they can easily spell the Words, not only lose much time, but, considering it to be a hard Lesson-book of Words, often use the Bible itself with little reverence, and habitually regard it with other feelings than those of pleasure and delight. The obvious remedy is, to provide a book which shall render it unnecessary to make a Lesson Word-book of the Bible; and so to arrange in it the Words which the Bible contains, as to assist the learner in his progress from that which is easy to that which is difficult.

A complete Index, in short, of every Word used in the Bible, is here put into the learner's hand; and if, at any future period of his life, he shall be desirous to know what any word is as to its sort, he will be able to obtain the grammatical information which he seeks, by a mere reference to the word, as it is alphabetically arranged, according to the class to which it belongs, and the number of its syllables.