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in the time of Progresse, which should not be if her
Majestie remeynid at her Standing Howses within
xx. myles of London; collected out of the Creditors
of the last Progresse, Anno, xvto Reginæ Elizabeth,"
A.D. 1573.
It is altered and corrected in Lord
Burghley's hand. The increase of charges caused
by the Progress, appears to have amounted in the

whole to 10341. Os. 6d.

Lord Burghley, it is probable, (says Sir Henry Ellis,) would have been personally glad, if the Progresses could have been altogether dispensed with. The Queen's visits to him were extremely frequent. His Lordship's treatmen of the Queen's suite when she went to Theobalds, seems not to have been generally acceptable to the visiters. In more than one letter we find the writers vexed when they learned they were to go there.

Yet, although the Queen's visits might have put her nobles to considerable expense and inconvenience, the inference is not necessarily to be drawn that those visits were unacceptable, and that the parties to whom they were paid, thought the honour of receiving them an insufficient compensation for the cost and annoyance which they occasioned. Are we sure, as Mr. Nichols asks, that Leicester thought he paid too high a price for the gratification of his ambition,- -or that the Earl of Hertford regretted the expense of regaling her Majesty at Elvetham, to regain her long forfeited favour; or that Sir Robert Cecil thought much of the great entertainments he gave her at Theobalds, when she conferred the honour of knighthood on him in 1591, and it was expected that he would have been advanced to the secretaryship. Cecil, indeed, glories how much Theobalds was increased by occasion of her Majesty's often coming; "whom to please," says he, "I never would omit to strain myself to more charges than building it." The strong desire of Elizabeth's subjects to please her in her progresses, was never more strikingly shown than on the occasion of a visit which she paid to Sir Thomas Gresham, the founder of the Royal Exchange, at the mansion which he had built at Osterley, in Middlesex. Her Majesty happened to find fault with the court of the house, observing that it was too great, and that it would appear more handsome if divided with a wall in the middle.

What doth Sir Thomas, but in the night time send for workmen to London, (money commands all things,) who so speedily and silently apply their business, that the next morning discovered the court double, which the night had left single before. It is questionable whether the Queen next day was more contented with the conformity to her fancy, or more pleased with the surprise and sudden per

formance thereof.

Her courtiers amused themselves with sundry witticisms upon the transformation; some observing that it was no wonder he could so soon change a building who had been able to build a Change; while others, reflecting on some well known differences in the knight's family, remarked that a house was easier divided than united.

Queen, was greater to him than to any of her subjects. But his love to his sovereign, and joy to entertain her and her train, was so great, as he thought no trouble, care, or performed to her Majesty's recreation, and the contentment cost, too much, but all too little, so it were bountifully of her train.

fond of magnificence and show, and wished to be It appears, moreover, that although Elizabeth was royally entertained, she, nevertheless, "misliked superfluous expense" in her progresses. Puttenham, in his Arte of English Poesie, after laying down a number of rules to regulate the carriage of courtiers to their sovereigns, observing that, in playing with a prince, it is decent to let him sometimes win of purpose, "to keepe him pleasant," and never to refuse his gift, "for that is undutifull; nor to forgive him his losses, for that is arrogant, nor to give him great gifts, for that is either insolence or follie, nor to feast him with excessive charge, for that is both vaine and envious," adds

And therefore the wise prince, King Henry the Seventh, her Majesty's grandfather, yf his chaunce had been to lye at any of his subjects' houses, or to passe moe meales then one, he that would take upon him to defray the charge of his dyet, or of his officers and houshold, he would be marvelously offended with it, saying-What private subject dare undertake a Prince's charge, or looke into the secret of his expense? Her Majestie hath bene knowne oftentimes to mislike the superfluous expense of her subjects bestowed upon her in times of her progresses.

Much of the manners of the times may be learned from these Progresses.

They give us (says Mr. Nichols) a view into the interior of the noble families, display their state in housekeeping, and other articles, and set before our eyes their magnificent mansions, long since gone to decay, or supplanted by others of the succeeding age. Houses that lodged the Queen of England and her Court, are now scarcely fit for farms, or levelled with the ground or rebuilt. Such were the seat of the Compton family at Mockings; of the Sadleirs at Standon; of the great Burleigh at Theobalds; of the Earl of Leicester at Kenilworth; of the Bishop of Ely at SomerMildmay's at Moulsham; Lord Rich's at Leighs; Sir Thosham; Sir Thomas Cook's at Giddyhall; Sir Thomas mas Waldgrave's at Smallbridge; Mi. Tuke's at Layer Marney. The royal palaces are almost all gone.

Our illustration is copied from a very celebrated engraving by Vertue-one of his "Historic Prints,” which he copied, in 1737, from the original picture in the possession of the Earl of Oxford, at Coleshill in Warwickshire. It had then been in the hands of that

family for fifty or sixty years; but no account of it had been handed down, except that it was painted in memory of Queen Elizabeth's visit to a young married couple. Who the parties thus honoured were,-and when or where the visit was made,-were points wholly unexplained. Vertue himself, after much consideration, came to the conclusion that it represented a visit to Henry Cary, Lord Hunsdon, at Hunsdon House in Hertfordshire, where she is known to have been in September, 1571; and that it was the work of Mare Gerrards of Bruges, painter to Queen Elizabeth. But the appropriation of the scene to Hunsdon House, has been controverted in the British Topo

The visits which Elizabeth paid to Cecil were frequent. She was twelve times at Theobalds, which stood at a very convenient distance from London.graphy as having every probability against it. Each visit cost Cecil two or three thousand poundsa large sum in those days; the Queen staying with him "at his lordship's charge," sometimes three weeks or a month, or six weeks together.

Sometimes she had strangers or embassadors come to her thither, where she has been seen in as great royalty, and served as bountifully and magnificently as at any other time or place, all at his lordship's expense, with rich shows, pleasant devices, and all manner of sports that could be devised, to the great delight of her Majesty and her whole train, with great thanks from all who partook of it, and as great commendations from all that heard of it abroad. His lordship's extraordinary charge in entertaining of the

The queen is seated in a canopy-chair of state, carried by six gentlemen; several knights of the garter with their collars are walking before the queen, and many favourite ladies following in the train. Her yeomen of the guard follow, and the band of gentlemen pensioners line the way.

I have some reasons to think (says Vertue) that amongst the ladies that follow the Queen, the foremost in white may be the Lady Hunsdon; on her right hand, Lord Hunsdon's sister, Lady Katherine, who was wife to Admiral Howard, and next behind, in a dark grave habit, Lady Mary Boleyn, mother of Lord Hunsdon: all the ladies are richly adorned with jewels, &c., to grace the solemnity of this procession.

THE HUMAN HEART.

HAD man been a mere animal machine, destitute of reason, he would have been the most defenceless creature on earth. The elephant possesses an instrument by which he can grasp his enemy, and an enormous weight by which he can trample him to death. The bear is endowed with a degree of muscular strength, by which he can compress the human figure with as much facility as we break a nutshell. The lion and the tiger can spring upon their prey, and fix it by their claws to the earth until they satiate their hunger. But the infant, what a helpless being it is, and remains, long after it first sees the light! The idiot who never enjoyed reason; the melancholy maniac who has been deprived of it: how pitiably weak and dependent are they, compared with the rhinoceros or the eagle! Nevertheless, it has been given to man to subdue all the tribes of animated nature to his use, and he has fulfilled his destiny in that respect by means of his hand, the most perfect physical instrument with which we are acquainted. Not all the skill of man has yet been able to imitate the hand in its formation and functions, or to suggest an improvement in one of its joints or muscles. Galen's enthusiastic and eloquent description of it, which the reader will find translated in Dr. Kidd's volume, though unrivalled in ancient or modern literature, scarcely does justice to the flexibility, delicacy, and strength of this admirable instrument. But it is, after all, nothing more than an instrument; it would have been, comparatively, powerless, had it not been moved to action by the rational faculty of

the mind or the body, but of special legislation, founded on premeditated design, and accomplishing an adaptation of means to end, wonderful for their perfection. Thus the heart, to which the lover appeals as the seat of his ardent feelings, as the most sensible organ of his system, may be rudely pressed by the hand without conveying to him the sensation that it has been touched. Harvey's celebrated experiment puts this fact beyond a doubt.

It happened that a youth of the noble family of Montgomerie had his interior exposed in an extraordinary manner, in consequence of an abscess in the side of the chest, which was caused by a fall. The youth was introduced to the presence of Charles the First, and Harvey, putting one hand through the aperture, grasped the heart, and so held it for some time, without the young man being at all conscious that any new object was in contact with it. Other observations have since confirmed this discovery, and the heart is now universally declared by medical men to be insensible! Nevertheless, we all well know that the heart is affected not only by the emotions of the mind, but by every change that takes place in the condition of the body. Here, then, is a complete proof of design. The heart insensible to touch, which, from its internal position, it was never intended to experience, is yet sensibly alive to every variation in the circulation of the blood, and sympathizes in the strictest manner with the powers of the constitution, There is nothing, however, in the mere principle of life, still less in the physical texture of the heart, to give it insensibility to touch, and sensibility to feeling of the most active and refined description. As life Yet, although it is by means of the hand that we is animation added to the body when formed, so this operate upon external matter, we cannot perceive, peculiar susceptibility of the heart is an endowment as Sir Charles Bell justly remarks, any relation be-added to the organ by Him who made it.—Quarterly

which it is the immediate servant.

tween that instrument and the mind. The hand is not more distinct from the rose which it is about to

Review.

THE STOMACH.-"I firmly believe that almost every
malady of the human frame is, either by high-ways or by-
ways, connected with the stomach. The woes of every
other member are founded on your belly timber; and I
must own, I never see a fashionable physician mysteriously
consulting the pulse of his patient, but I feel a desire to
exclaim;-Why not tell the poor gentleman at once, 'Sir,
you
have eaten too much; you've drunk too much, and
you have not taken exercise enough!' The human frame
was not created imperfect. It is we ourselves who have
made it so. There exists no donkey in creation so over-
laden as our stomachs.”—Bubbles from Nassau.

How frail and inconsistent is men! How different does he
think and act even for himself, in different circumstances!

pluck, than the mind is from this organ of its volition. Indeed, we must all feel that the pulse which beats at the wrist, has nothing whatever to do with our will. We may use the hand for our purposes, but its machinery, its vitality, do not in any way depend upon our dictates. The action of the heart, the circulation of the blood, are carried on by laws to which the mind is no party. Had it been otherwise, a single act of omission in ordering the requisite functions on our part, might bring life to a premature termination. The fracture of a small filament in the admirable tracery of nervous cords which unites many organs in sympathy, would produce spasm, How strangely does the same passion of pride seek for suffocation, and death. Thus, then, we have two gratification from contrary causes, from pursuing ideal good, principles of vitality in us,-one, that of the mind,- and from giving up that which is attainable and real! One the other, that of the frame in which it is enveloped; moment he strains at a gnat, and applauds himself for each perfectly distinct, and manifestly the work of a sagacity, in the next he does not suspect himself of creduSuperior Intelligence, who has given us a control over lity when he swallows a camel.-Parr. the operations of both, but has taught us the secret LONGEVITY.-In the third volume of Mr. Sharon Turner's of immortality, in the laws which disclose their sepa- Sacred History of the World, is the following passage: rate existence. The planets move round the sun by The salubrity of England, either from its climate, its his attraction; the blood circulates through our manners, or its intellectual cultivation, to the more advanced frame by no relation to the mind. The planets and periods of social life, is indicated by the fact that, in 1834, it was calculated that there were then seventy peers in the the sun itself shall perish; the blood shall cease to circulate, and the fairest fabric of mortality shall House of Lords, who were between seventy and eighty moulder in the dust; but the mind lives indepen-years of age, or a sixth part of the 426 of whom the House, including the bishops, consists. Eleven of these were dently of matter, as matter does of mind, and can noticed as octogenarians, or still older. These eleven peers no more be affected, as to its vital essence, by the were thus represented :--destruction of the body, than Sirius would be by the Lord Wodehouse Lord Lynedoch. extinction of our entire solar system. Lord Stowell Lord Eldon Lord Scarsdale Lord Carrington

Not only are the vital functions of the body independent of our will, but each of our organs has been endowed, without any consent or previous knowledge on our part, with powers admirably suited to its purpose; powers which are not the result of life either of

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93

Lord St. Helens

84

Earl Fortescue

89

Earl of Ranfurley

........ 80

83

Earl Powis

...........

83
82

Lord Middleton......

To these might have been added the Bishop of Norwich, the Earl of Egremont, and Lord Rolle, the two former of whom have paid the debt of nature: the last is still living.

USE AND MANUFACTURE OF BELLS THE employment of sonorous metal in the form of bells, for the purpose of producing musical sounds, is of very great antiquity. We read of it in the Holy Scriptures, where bells are mentioned as being employed in religious ceremonies, and it was ordered by Moses that the lower part of the blue robe of the high priest should be hung with pomegranates and small bells. The same custom is noticed with reference to the kings of Persia; and in many parts of the East, at the present day, the mistress of the house has the lower part of her dress furnished with hollow pieces of metal, containing small stones, and these producing a sound as she moves, warn the domestics of her approach. Bells were used to decorate the heads of the war-horses of the Jews, in order to accustom them to noise. The Greeks and the Romans

also used bells on many occasions, religious, civil, and military; in funeral processions, at sacrifices, and to announce the hour of bathing, and of rising in the morning; they were also rung at executions.

But although bells were known thus early, the manufacture of them appears to have been confined to those of a small size. The first church bells are supposed to have been cast at Nola, in Campania, in the 400; year but it is not until the beginning of the sixth century that their employment is known to a certainty. From this time, their use in churches rapidly spread in all directions; and at the end of the ninth century, scarcely a church or monastery, of any note, was unprovided with these lively harbingers of religious duties.

Among the Roman Catholics, many superstitious notions were attached to the employment and properties of bells. A church bell is noticed by antiquaries, inscribed with the following Latin verses, in which its valuable properties are summed up:—

Funera plango, fulgura frango, sabbata pango,
Excito lentos, dissipo ventos, paco cruentos;

-

which may be thus translated,

I strike at a funeral, I disperse the thunder, I announce the sabbath,

I excite the lukewarm, I dissipate tempests, I soften the hearts of cruel men.

In allusion to another superstition regarding bells, we find in the Golden Legend of Wynken de Worde, one of our early English printers, that, "It is said, the evil spirytes, that ben in the regyon of thayre, doubte moche when they here the belles rongen: and this is the cause why the belles ben rongen when it thondreth, and when grete tempeste and outrages of wether happen, to the end that the feinds and wycked spirytes shold be abashed and flee, and cease of the movynge of tempeste."

The custom of naming bells and blessing them with certain religious ceremonies exists in the Roman church. Before bells are hung they are washed, crossed, blessed, and named, by the bishop.

The Chinese, have been from early times famous for the magnitude of their bells. The city of Nankin formerly possessed some of a very large size, but their weight was so enormous, that they brought down the tower in which they were hung, One of these bells is twelve feet in height, and seven in diameter: it is computed to weigh as much as two tons and a half. These bells were cast about three hundred years ago: they are four in number, and are named, the hanger, tchoui; the eater, che; the sleeper, choui; the will, si. A French author mentions seven other bells at Pekin, each of which weighs the enormous weight of six tons. But

some of the bells in Russia exceed even these in weight; one in the church of St. Ivan's at Moscow

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The largest bells in England are at Christchurch College, Oxford, weighing 17,000 lbs.; St. Paul's, London, 11,474 lbs.; and the great Tom of Lincoln, 10,854 lbs., the heaviest of these being only onetwentieth the weight of the Russian bell.

Although the English have nothing to boast of as to the size of their church bells, when compared with those of other nations, they have practised almost exclusively the art of bell-ringing. From a series of bells of different sizes, properly tuned, so as to produce when struck, the different notes of the gamut, many harmonious effects are obtained.

The practice of ringing bells in changes or in regular peals is said to be peculiar to England; the custom seems to have commenced with our Saxon ancestors, and to have been common before the Conquest. The tolling of a bell is nothing more than producing a sound by a stroke of the clapper against the side of the bell, the bell itself being in a pendant position, and at rest; but in ringing, the bell is elevated to a horizontal position, so that, by means of a wheel and rope, the clapper strikes forcibly on one side as it ascends, and on the other side on its return downwards, producing at each stroke a sound.

this country, has caused great attention to be paid to Bell-ringing having been reduced to a science in the process of casting bells, and preparing the metal.

Bell-metal is composed of tin and copper; but the proportions vary according to the size of the bell, or the judgment of the founder: the usual quantities are 23 lbs. of tin to 100 lbs. of copper. In large bells more copper is added, and sometimes in very small ones a portion of silver is used, which is said to improve the sweetness of the tone materially.

The method of casting a large bell is in the first instance to form a core which is to fill the inside of the bell while casting. For this purpose a hole is dug large enough to contain the bell, and to allow a free passage to the workman, during the operation of moulding. In the spot to be occupied by the centre of the mould, a stake is firmly driven into the earth; on the top of this stake is an iron peg, on which the guage or compasses of the moulder revolves; the stake is surrounded, at the lower end, with solid brickwork. This is called the millstone. A great portion of the space to be occupied by the core is filled up with bricks and earth, a hollow chamber being left in the centre, into which in a subsequent part of the process, hot coals are introduced for the purpose of drying the mould. This rough foundation is afterwards covered with successive layers of fine cohesive earth and sand, mixed with horse or hog's dung, the compasses being frequently applied for the purpose of ascertaining the progress of the work, and a moulding-board used to preserve the correct curve. At intervals, as the work proceeds, the mould is frequently dried, and any imperfections which may arise from shrinking are corrected by the moulder, by the addition of fresh compost; and the core is again dried and carefully smoothed over.

The core being complete, the model of the bell itself is next formed, by a composition of moulding loam and hair, which is applied to the core by layers, the last being very thin; the last layer is a mixture of wax and grease. The model being thus complete, the shell of the mould is formed; the first layer of this last coating is composed of earth, sifted * See Saturday Magazine, Vol. III., p. 7, for a description of this monstrous bell.

very fine, and mixed with cow-hair, to make it adhere, and tempered with water to a state of semi-fluidity, when it is poured upon the waxen mould, and readily adapts itself to all its parts, filling in the ornaments, or writing, with which it is marked.

Two or three of these coatings having been applied, a fire is again lighted in the core, by which the shell is dried, and the wax, leaving its impression in the sand, melted off. After this other layers of the moulding loam are laid on, a quantity of hemp being spread intermediately, to bind the mass more securely together; the compasses are still employed, in order to secure a degree of equality in the thickness of the shell.

When the moulding is completed, and all the parts sufficiently dry, the hollow of the core is filled with sand, through an opening left at the head of the shell. Five or six pieces of wood, two or three feet long, are placed about the mill-stone, and under the lower part of the shell; between these and the mould, wooden wedges are driven to loosen the model and the shell, the latter being lifted off, and the former broken and removed from the core: the shell, after being blackened inside by the burning of straw, to give smoothness to the casting, is lowered exactly over the core; the cap containing the perforations for the rings or ears is affixed, and cuts are made for the escape of air, and admission of the metal, after which the whole is carefully surrounded in the pit with sand, well rammed about the shell. A gutter being made from the furnace, along which the metal, when in a state of fusion, is allowed to flow into the mould in the pit, until it has filled every part.

MOULDING A LARGE BELL

In Germany, and other parts of the Continent, the casting of a large bell is celebrated as a holiday by all the neighbourhood of the foundry, and is attended with much ceremony. The following extracts are from Lord Leveson Gower's translation of the celebrated "Song of the Bell," of Schiller. We have already alluded to this poem in the Saturday Magazine, and now add a more lengthened extract, embracing the whole of the descriptive part of the subject.

Through yonder clay at close of day
The molten mass shall run,
The fashioned bell itself shall tell
Our weary task is done.
Choose me splinters of the pine,
Choose them clean and dry
That the spiry flame may shine
Up the tube on high.
Pour the molten copper in,
Mix it with the bubbling tin,
That the viscous mass may flow,
Duly through the mouth below.
That offspring of consuming fire,
And man's creative hand,
High from the summit of the spire,
Shall murmur o'er the land.

Like flattery's voice, from yonder tower
Shall speak the genius of the hour,-
Shall bid the sons of mirth be glad,
Shall tell of sorrow to the sad,

Reflection to the wise;
Shall add to superstitious fear,
And peal on rapt devotion's ear

The sounds of Paradise.

And all his changeful fate brings down
On suffering man below,
Shall murmur from its metal crown,
Or be it joy or woe.

Browner see the mass appearing;
Now the rod I dip within-
Should it glaze it, close adhering,
We may then our work begin.
Come pour the tide,

And be it tried,

To know if yet with favouring sign, The ruder and the weak combine.

Lift the liberating latch,

Free the metals on their way,First a hasty moment snatch,

Heaven's protecting aid to pray! Strike the stopper! out it goes,Heaven protect us!-now it flows. Shooting, sparkling through the mould, Now the fluid mass has rolled.

Through the moulded chambers gliding,
Now the metal fills the soil;
May the fashioned mass, subsiding,
Prove deserving of our toil.

Short repose, an instant courting,
Till the bell has cooled, we rest-
Like the bird in groves disporting,
Each may play as likes him best.

Break me down the mighty mould,
It has reached its master's aim,
Let the longing eye behold

The created child of flame.
Break it down, though strong it fit,
Swing the hammer till it split.
Would we raise the living bell,

We must break its mortal shell.

The master knows the time to shiver The moulded form with cunning hand

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THE most necessary talent of a man of conversation, is a good judgment. He that has this in perfection is master of his companion, without letting him see it; and has the same advantage over men of any other qualifications what soever, as one that can see would have over a blind man of ten times his strength.-STEELE.

LONDON:

JOHN WILLIAM PARKER, WEST STRAND. PUBLISHED IN WEEKLY NUMBERS, FRICE ONE PENNY, AND IN MONTHLY PARTS, PRICE SIXPENCE.

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ALTHOUGH a brief account of the Castle of Heidelberg has already appeared in this work*, yet the great beauty, both picturesque and architectural, of this far-famed ruin, and its long period of historical importance, authorize the insertion of a further description; which, being chiefly drawn from the ancient archives of the place, will embrace a summary of its entire history.

In order to commence from the earliest known date, we must relate that the appellation Heidelberg Castle was originally borne by a fortress situated about half a mile above the present magnificent structure, which, both according to tradition, and the nature of the foundations still visible, was built by the Romans as a defence against the native hordes infesting the valley of the Neckar. They were further protected by a wall leading from this fortress down to the river, which, terminating in a tower, controlled any attack by water. This tower, with a portion of the wall, are still discernible in an old building called the Marstall, now used as a lying-in hospital. After the retreat of the Romans, from Germany, this upper fortress was maintained as stronghold, and subsequently became the residence of the earlier Pfalzgrafen, or Palatinate Counts. The first historical notice of these potentates, which can be safely quoted, relates that Conrad von Hohenstaufen, (born 1127,) Duke of Suabia, and halfbrother of Frederic Barbarossa, Emperor of Germany, *See Saturday Magazine, Vol. III., p. 139. VOL. XII.

resided at this fortress, which we will distinguish as the old Castle, and possessing large estates on the Rhine, was created by his brother Pfalzgraf of the Rhine. He added largely to the Castle, built the Benedictine monastery at Schönau, and converted a cloister of the same order, situated at Neuburg, about a mile up the Neckar, into a convent for ladies of rank. (This building still exists under its original name of the Stift Neuburg, and is occupied as a Summer residence by a gentleman of large fortune.)

Conrad died at Heidelberg, 1195, leaving an only daughter Agnes, who married Henry of Brunswick, to whom devolved the government. By her he had two children, Henry and Agnes, and residing chiefly on his patrimonial lands, in no way contributed to the prosperity of Heidelberg. His son and successor survived him but three years, dying childless at the age of twenty. Upon this event the Emperor, Frederic the Second, (the Emperors of Germany having, in those times, the arbitration of such matters, and appointing and deposing the lesser powers as they pleased,) nominated Louis the First of Bavaria, of the house of Wittelsbach, successor to the Palatinate lands. The people, however, resisted this choice, took their appointed sovereign prisoner, and only released him at a high ransom. By a marriage of policy between Otho, son of Louis, and Agnes, daughter of the late count, matters were seemingly adjusted, and Louis permitted to reside in comparative peace at the old Castle, but his bloody murder, which 355

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