of St. Mary*, in the nave of the church, in a leaden chest, the place which he desired in his life-time. A marble tomb, as there was before, was also placed over him. Lanfranc, as I said above, was taken out of his coffin in the sheet of lead in which he had lain untouched from the day be was first buried to that hour, namely sixty-nine years; on which account, even his bones much decayed were almost all reduced to dust: for the length of time, the moisture of the clothes, the natural coldness of the lead, and, above all, the transitory condition of mortality, had occasioned this decay. However, the larger bones, collected with the other dust, were re-interred, in a leaden coffin, at the altar of St. Martin. The two Archbishops also, who lay in the undercroft, on the right and left of St. Thomas, were taken up, and were placed for a time in leaden coffins, under the altar of St. Mary, in the undercroft. The translations of these fathers being thus performed, that chapel, with its undercroft, was pulled down to the ground: St. Thomas alone reserved his translation till his chapel was finishedt. In the mean time, a wooden chapel proper enough for the time and place, was prepared over and round his tomb; without whose walls, the foundation being laid of stone and mortar, eight pillars of the new undercroft, with their capitals, were finished. The architect prudently opened an entrance from the old undercroft into the new one. With these works the sixth year ended, and the seventh began; but, before I pursue the business of this seventh year, I think it not improper to enlarge upon some things that have been mentioned, and to add others, which through negligence were forgotten, or for the sake of brevity omitted. It was said above, that, after the fire, almost all the old choir was taken down, and that it was changed into a new and more magnificent form. I will now relate what was the difference. The form of the pillars, both old and new, is the same, and the thickness the same, but the height different; for the new pillars are lengthened almost twelve feet. In the old capitals the workmanship was plain; in the new the sculpture is excellent. There was no marble column; here are many. There, in the circuit without the choir, the vaults are plain; here,

St. Mary's altar was at the east end of the north aisle. E.

This was in 1220, when this pretended saint was translated from the undercroft to his shrine, with great pomp, the King, Archbishop, &c. attending. The offerings that were made at his shrine enabled the monks to rebuild their church with such magnificence. E.

they are arched and studded. There the wall, ranged on pillars, separated the crosses from the choir; but here, without any interval, the crosses, divided from the choir, seem to meet in one key, fixed in the midst of the great arch, which rests on the four principal pillars. There, was a wooden ceiling, adorned with excellent painting; here, an arch neatly formed of light sandstone. There, was one ballustrade; here, are two in the choir, and one in the aisle of the church. All which will be much more easily understood by seeing than by hearing. But it should be known, that the new building is as much higher than the old, as the upper windows both of the body of the choir and of its side exceed in height the marble arcade. But lest it should hereafter be asked, why the great breadth of the choir near the tower is so much reduced at the top of the church, I think it not improper to mention the reasons. One of which is, that the two towers, namely St. Anselm's and St. Andrew's, formerly placed in a circle on each side of the church, prevented the breadth of the choir from proceeding in a straight line. Another reason is, that it was judicious and useful, to place the chapel of St. Thomas at the head of the church, where was the chapel of the Holy Trinity, which was much narrower than the choir. The architect, therefore, not willing to lose these towers, but not able to remove them entire, formed that breadth of the choir, as far as the confines of those towers, in a straight line. Afterwards, by degrees, avoiding the towers on both sides, and yet preserving the breadth of that passage which is without the choir as much as possible, on account of the processions which were frequently to be made there, he narrowed his work with a gradual obliquity, so as neatly to contract it over against the altar, and, from thence, as far as the third pillar, to reduce it to the breadth of the chapel of the Holy Trinity. After that, four pillars of the same diameter, but of a different form, were placed on both sides. After them, four others were placed circularly, at which the new work met. This is the situation of the pillars. But the outer circuit of the wall, proceeding from the above-mentioned towers, first goes in a right line, then bends in a curve, and thus both walls meet at the round tower, and there are finished. All these things may much more clearly and more agreeably be seen by the eye, than explained by speaking or writing. But they are mentioned, that the difference of the new work and the old may be distinguished. Let us now ob serve more attentively what or how much work our masons completed in this seventh year after the fire. To be brief,

in the seventh year, the new undercroft, elegant enough, was finished, and, upon it, the outer walls of the aisles, as high as the marble capitals; but the architect neither could nor would turn the windows, on account of the approaching rains, nor place the inner pillars. With this the seventh year ended, and the eighth began. In this eighth year the architect placed eight inner pillars, and turned the arches and the vault, with the windows, circularly. He raised also the tower as high as the basis of the upper windows under the arch. The ninth year, the work was suspended for want of money. In the tenth year, the upper windows of the tower were finished with the arch; upon the pillars also the upper and lower ballustrade, with the windows and the larger arch: the upper roof too, where the cross is raised, and the roof of the aisles, as far as to the laying of the lead. The tower also was all covered in, and many other things were done this year.-In this year also (1184) Baldwin, Bishop of Worcester, waş translated to the see of Canterbury, Dec. 18,

1772, June, July, August.

LXXI. Conjectures as to the time of dividing Parishes,

MR. URBAN,

OUR celebrated historian, Mr. Hume, in his first vol. p. 76, edition of 1767, tells us, that parishes were instituted in England by Honorius, the fifth Archbishop of Canterbury, by which he means the present ecclesiastical divisions af dioceses, committed to the care of the inferior clergy. This opinion, though countenanced by many learned writers, is very problematical, if not entirely false, and seems to have been deduced from the equivocal signification of the word parochia, which anciently meant a bishopric, ar diocese, as well as a less parish. Thus, Bede, Hist. Eccles. lib. iii. cap. 7, says, that Cenwalchus, King of the West Saxons, "divisit provinciam in duas parochias," when he made Winchester an episcopal see, which he took out of the diocese of Dorchester: and, in the council of Hertford, beld under Archbishop Theodore, there is this canon,

Ut nullus episcoporum parochiam alterius invadat, sed contentus sit gubernatione creditæ sibi plebis." Flarence of Worcester, at the year 680, says, that "Merciorum provincia in quinque parochias est divisa," that is into five bishoprics, This opinion, that Honorius divided England

into parishes, is thus related by Joscelin, in his lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury; "Neque solum episcopos tanquam superiores turrium custodes ecclesiæ superimposuit, sed etiam provinciam suam primus in parochias dividens, inferiores ministros ordinavit," If the author means here the limits assigned to the clergy, whom the bishop, at stated times sent from his cathedral to preach within the bounds of his diocese, then Honorius was not the first that made this division of them. These parochia, or circuits of preaching, which the Bishop appointed to his clergy, who usually resided with him at his cathedral, were almost as old as bishoprics, and were certainly coeval with churches, which, it is plain, were erected in England before the time of Honorius. If parochie be supposed to mean the limits of parishes, as they are now bounded, both in regard of the revenue, and the residence and function of the incumbent, this is plainly repugnant both to the community of ecclesiastical revenues, and the manner of the bishop and his clergy living together, which, as appears from Bede, continued in England after the death of Hono rius. Nevertheless, it may be properly said, that Honorius was the first under whom this province was divided into such parochie, or bishoprics; because, except Canterbury, London, and Rochester, which were founded nearly at the same time, there were no other episcopal sees in his pro vince, till, under him, Birinus was made first bishop of the West Saxons, and Felix appointed first bishop of the East Angles. The erecting these two sees, of which there had been no example in the province of Canterbury from the death of Augustine till the time of Honorius, was probably the cause why Honorius is said to have first divided his province into parishes. And, indeed, if we were to suppose, that he first instituted parishes, according to the modern acceptation of the word, this regulation could not be extended to many of those parts of the kingdom which are now included in the province of Canterbury. For example, Christianity was not received in the kingdom of Sussex till the year 679, when that small kingdom was first converted by Wilfred, the first Bishop of Selsey.

LXXII. On Sirnames.

§1. Cursory Observations on Sirnames deduced from Names of Places.

MR. Camden will inform you, in his "Remains concerning Britain," that a large part of our Sirnames are borrowed from names of places. At first they were written, Robert de Marisco, Anthony a Wood or at Wood (whence our names of Wood and Atwood) Richard de Gravesend, &c. In process of time, the preposition, or connecting particle, was dropt, for the sake of currency and expedition, both in speaking and writing; and hence there has arisen a degree of obscurity in respect of this species of Sirnames; for, as these additional distinctions were sometimes taken from obscure villages, (obscure at least now) and known but to few, the original of the names of many persons is grown to be very intricate, and, indeed, entirely unknown to those who are not attentive to this mode of derivation. The following short list of Sir. names deduced from names of places, (short indeed, being only intended as a specimen, and containing only a few in each letter of the Alphabet) will be abundantly sufficient, both to explain my meaning, and to shew, that certain of our Sirnames, in appearance very singular, and even uncouth, have, nevertheless, a most natural and easy original, and also very obvious to those who happen to live near, or to be acquainted with the names of, the respective places.

It is possible, indeed, that, in here and there an instance, the village may take its name from the proprietor, quite contrary to the position laid down above; but this, I appre hend, happens very rarely, the names of the owners being usually conjoined with that of the village, being sometimes prefixed, and sometimes postponed, as Monks Risborough, Newport Pagnel, &c.

I observe, again, that some of our Sirnames or Surnames (for the word is written both ways) are taken from places abroad, Percy, Danvers, Daws, &c. others (though not many) from villages in Scotland or Ireland, which, nevertheless, are now become right and legitimate English Sirnames; but these I do not concern myself with at present, intending the list shall extend only to English towns and villages.

It may be observed, lastly, that, in all probability, the stocks of such families as are denominated from places, were all once formerly growing at the respective places