HARVARD COLLEGE 1640 Albert A. Spraque Copyright, 1901, by HARPER & BROTHERS. All rights reserved. HARPER'S ENCYCLOPÆDIA OF UNITED STATES HISTORY G. ians. Later he went with Jackson to Pensacola, when the latter took possession of Florida, and was the first white man to cross that peninsula from the At lantic to the Gulf. In 1853 he was minister to Mexico, and on Dec. 10 of that year negotiated a treaty by which a new boundary was made between the United States and Mexico. He died in Charleston, S. C., Dec. 25, 1858. Gadsden, CHRISTOPHER, patriot; born Jackson, with whom he participated in in Charleston, S. C., in 1724; was edu- the campaign against the Seminole Indcated in England; became a merchant in Charleston; and a sturdy champion of the rights of the colonies. He was a delegate to the Stamp Act Congress, and ever advocated openly republican principles. He was also a member of the first Continental Congress. Chosen a colonel in 1775, he was active in the defence of Charleston in 1776, when he was made a brigadier-general. He was active in civil affairs, and was one of the many civilians made prisoners by Sir Henry Clinton and carried to St. Augustine. He was exchanged in 1781 and carried to Philadelphia. In 1782 he was elected governor of his State, but declined on account of infirmity. He died in Charleston, S. C., Aug. 28, 1805. Gadsden Purchase, the name applied to the land bought from Mexico in 1853, because its transfer was negotiated by Gen. James Gadsden, who was United States minister to Mexico when the purchase was made. It includes a strip of land extending from Rio Grande del Norte, near El Paso, westward about 500 miles to the Colorado and the border of Lower California, and from the Gila River to the border fixed by the treaty. Its greatest breadth is 120 miles, and its area 45,535 square miles. Gadsden, JAMES, statesman; born in Charleston, S. C., May 15, 1788; graduated at Yale College in 1806. After a short career in business, he entered the army, and was made lieutenant-colonel of engineers. During the War of 1812, with Gage, LYMAN JUDSON, financier; born Great Britain, his service was marked in De Ruyter, Madison co., N. Y., June with distinction, and when peace was 28, 1836; was educated at the Academy concluded he became aide to General in Rome, N. Y.; entered the Oneida CenJackson in the expedition to investigate tral Bank when seventeen years old, and the military defences of the Gulf of Mex- served as office-boy and junior clerk till ico and the southwestern frontier. Soon 1855, when he removed to Chicago, where after he was appointed, with Gen. Simon he was a clerk in a planing-mill in 1855Bernard, to review the examinations, and 58. He then became a book-keeper in the rendered a separate report, in which he Merchants' Loan and Trust Company, and differed from General Bernard. In 1818 was afterwards cashier. In 1868 he was was made aide-de-camp to General made cashier, in 1882 vice-president, and he in 1891 president of the First National his youth; was with Braddock at his Bank of Chicago. He was the first presi- defeat on the Monongahela, when he was dent of the board of directors of the lieutenant-colonel; and led the advance. LYMAN JUDSON GAGE. World's Columbian Exposition; served three times as president of the American Bankers' Association; first president of the Chicago Bankers' Club; and twice president of the Civil Federation of Chicago. On March 5, 1897, he was appointed Secretary of the United States Treasury. See EMBARGO ACTS. In that hot encounter he was wounded. Late in 1758 he married a daughter of Peter Kemble, president of the council of New Jersey. Gage served under Amherst in northern New York and Canada, and on the capture of Montreal by the English in 1760 he was made military governor of that city. He was promoted to major-general, and in 1763 succeeded Amherst as commander-in-chief of the British forces in North America. In 1774 he succeeded Hutchinson as governor of Massachusetts, and occupied Boston with troops, much to the annoyance and irritation of the inhabitants. Acting under instructions from his government rather than in accordance with his conscience and judgment, he took measures which brought on armed resistance to British rule in the colonies. When his demand for 20,000 armed men at Boston was received by the ministry they laughed in derision, believing that a few soldiers could accomplish all that was necessary to make the patriots cower. Lord Dartmouth wrote to Gage, in the King's name, that the disturbers of the peace in Boston appeared to him like a rude rabble "without a plan, without concert, and without conduct," and thought a small force would be able to encounter them. He instructed him that the first step to be taken towards the reestablishment of government would be to arrest and imprison the principal actors and abettors in the Provincial Congress, whose proceedings appeared like rebellion and treason. He suggested that the measure must be kept a secret until the moment of execution. "If it cannot be accomplished," said Dartmouth, "without bloodshed, and should be a signal for hostilities, I must again repeat, that any efforts of the people, unprepared to encounter with a regular force, cannot be Gage, MATILDA JOSLYN, social reformer; born in Cicero, N. Y., March 24, 1826; was an active writer and speaker on behalf of woman's suffrage and the abolition of slavery. In 1872 she was elected president of the National Woman's Suffrage Association. In connection with SUSAN B. ANTHONY (q. v.) and ELIZABETH CADY STANTON (q. v.) she wrote very formidable." This was written only The History of Woman Suffrage, and independently Woman as an Inventor. She died in Chicago, Ill., March 18, 1898. a few weeks before the affairs at Lexington and Concord. Dartmouth continued, "The charter of Massachusetts empowers the governor to use and exercise the law Gage, THOMAS, military officer: born martial in time of rebellion." It appears, in England about 1721; was second son from statements in official despatches, he of Viscount Gage; entered the army in believed there was an "actual and open |