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ode or song upon the Embassy to Poland, by which he and lord Crofts procured a contribution of ten thousand pounds from the Scotch, that wandered over that kingdom. Poland was at that time very much frequented by itineran traders, who, in a country of very little commerce and of great extent, where every man resided on his own estate, contributed very much to the accom modation of life, by bringing to every man's house those little necessaries which it was very inconvenient to want, and very troublesome to fetch. I have formerly read, without much reflection, of the multitude of Scotchmen that travelled with their wares in Poland; and that their numbers were not small, the success of this negociation gives sufficient evidence.

About this time, what estate the war and the gamesters had left him was sold, by order of the parliament; and when, in 1652, he returned to England, he was entertained by the earl of Pembroke.

Of the next years of his life there is no account. At the Restoration he ob tained that which many missed, the reward of his loyalty; being made sur veyor of the king's buildings, and dignified with the order of the Bath. He seems now to have learned some attention to money for Wood says, that he got by this place seven thousand pounds.

After the Restoration he wrote the poem on Prudence and Justice, and perhaps some of his other pieces: and as he appears, whenever any serious question comes before him, to have been a man of piety, he consecrated his poetical powers to religion, and made a metrical version of the psalms of David. In this attempt he has failed; but in sacred poetry who has succeeded?

It might be hoped that the favour of his master and esteem of the public would now make him happy. But human felicity is short and uncertain; a second marriage brought upon him so much disquiet, as for a time disordered his understanding; and Butler lampooned him for his lunacy. I know not whether the malignant lines were then made public, nor what provocation incited Butler to do that which no provocation can excuse.

His frensy lasted not long *; and he seems to have regained his full force of mind; for he wrote afterwards his excellent poem upon the death of Cowley, whom he was not long to survives; for on the 19th of March, 1668, he was buried by his side.

66

DENHAM is deservedly considered as one of the fathers of English poetry. "Denham and Waller," says Prior, " improved our versification, and Dryden "perfected it." He has given specimens of various composition, descriptive, ludicrous, didactick, and sublime.

He appears to have had, in common with almost all mankind, the ambition of being upon proper occasions a merry fellow, and in common with most of tllem to have been by nature, or by early habits, debarred from it. Nothing is less exhilarating than the ludicrousness of Denham: He does not fail for want

• In Grammont's Memoirs many circumstances are related both of his marriage and his frensy very little favourable to his character. E. · of

of efforts: he is familiar, he is gross; but lie is never merry, unless the " Speech
"against peace in the close Committee" be excepted. For grave burlesque,
however, his imitation of Davenant shews him to have been well qualified.
Of his more elevated occasional poems there is perhaps none that does not
deserve commendation. In the verses to Fletcher, we have an image that has`
since been adopted:

"But whither am I stray'd? I need not raise
"Trophies to thee from other men's dispraise;
"Nor is thy fame on lesser ruins built,
"Nor need thy juster title the foul guilt

"Of eastern kings, who, to secure their reign,

"Must have their brothers; sons, and kindred slain:"

After Denham, Orrery, in one of his prologues,

And Pope,

"Poets are sultans, if they had their will;
"For every author would his brother kill."

“Should such a man, too fond to rule alone,

"Bear like the Turk no brother near the throne."

But this is not the best of his little pieces: it is excelled by his poem to Fanshaw, and his elegy on Cowley.

His praise of Fanshaw's version of Guarini, contains a very sprightly and judicious character of a good translator:

"That servile path thou nobly dost decline,
"Of tracing word by word, and line by line.
"Those are the labour'd births of slavish brains,
"Not the effect of poetry, but pains;

"Cheap vulgar arts, whose narrowness affords
"No flight for thoughts, but poorly stick at words.
"A new and nobler way thou dost pursue,

"To make translations and translators too.
They but preserve the ashes, thou the flame,

"True to his sense, but truer to his fame."

The excellence of these lines is greater, as the truth which they contain was not at that time generally known.

His poem on the death of Cowley was his last, and, among his shorter works, his best performance: the numbers are musical, and the thoughts are just.

46

COOPER'S HILL" is the work that confers upon him the rank and dignity of an original author. He seems to have been, at least among us, the author of a species of composition that may be denominated local poetry, of which the fundamental subject is some particular landschape, to be poetically described, with the addition of such embellishments as may be supplied by històrica! retrospection or incidental meditation.

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To trace a new scheme of poetry has in itself a very high claim to praise, and its praise is yet more when it is apparently copied by Garth and Pope *; afte: whose names little will be gained by an enumeration of smaller poets, that have left scarce a corner of the island not dignified either by rhyme, or blank verse. "COOPER'S HILL," if it be maliciously inspected, will not be found without its faults. The digressions are too long, the morality too frequent, and the sentiments sometimes such as will not bear a rigorous enquiry.

The four verses, which, since Dryden has commended them, almost every writer for a century past has imitated, are generally known:

"O could I flow like thee, and make thy streami

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My great example, as it is my theme!

"Though deep, yet clear; though gentle, yet not duli;

"

Strong without rage, without o'erflowing full."

The lines are in themselves not perfect; for most of the words, thus artfully opposed, are to be understood simply on one side of the comparison, and metaphorically on the other; and if there be any language which does not express intellectual operations by material images, into that language they cannot be translated. But so much meaning is comprized in few words; the particulars of resemblance are so perspicaciously collected, and every mode of excellence separated from its adjacent fault by so nice a line of limitation; the different parts of the sentence are so accurately adjusted; and the flow of the last couplet is so smooth and sweet; that the passage, however celebrated, has not been praised above its merit. It has beauty peculiar to itself, and must be numbered among those felicities which cannot be produced at will by wit and labour, but must arise unexpectedly in some hour propitious to poetry.

He appears to have been one of the first that understood the necessity of emancipating translation from the drudgery of counting lines and interpreting single words. How much this servile practice obscured the clearest and deformed the most beautiful parts of the ancient authors, may be discovered by a perusal of our earlier versions; some of them the works of men well qualified, not only by critical knowledge, but by poetical genius, who yet, by a mistaken ambition of exactness, degraded at once their originals and themselves.

Denham saw the better way, but has not pursued it with great success. His versions of Virgil are not pleasing; but they taught Dryden to please better. His poetical imitation of Tully on "Old Age" has neither the clearness of prose nor the spritghtliness of poetry.

The "strength of Denham," which Pope so emphatically mentions, is to be found in many lines and couplets, which convey much meaning in few words, and exhibit the sentiment with more weight than bulk.

By Garth, in his " Poem on Claremont," and by Pope, in his "Windsor Forest." H.

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On the Thames.

Though with those streams he no resemblance hold,
"Whose foam is amber, and their gravel gold;

"His genuine and less guilty wealth t' explore,
"Search not his bottom, but survey his shore."
On Strafford,

"His wisdom such, as once it did appear

"Three kingdoms wonder, and three kingdoms fear;
"While single he stood forth, and seemed although
Each had an army, as an equal foe.

"Such was his force of eloquence, to make

"The hearers more concern'd than he that spake;
"Each seem'd to act that part he came to see,
"And none was more a looker-on than he;
"So did he move our passions, some were known
"To wish, for the defence, the crime their own.
"Now private pity strove with publick hate,
"Reason with rage, and eloquence with fate."
On Cowley.

"To him no author was unknown,

"Yet what he wrote was all his own,

"Horace's wit, and Virgil's state,

"He did not steal, but emulate!

"And when he would like them appear,

"Their garb, but not their cloaths, did wear.

It

As one of Denham's principal claims to the regard of posterity arises from his improvement of our numbers, his versification ought to be considered. will afford that pleasure which arises from the observation of a man of judgment naturally right, forsaking bad copies by degrees, and advancing towards a better practice, as he gains more confidence in himself.

In his translation of Virgil, written when he was about twenty-one years old, may be still found the old manner of continuing the sense ungracefully from verse to verse.

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"Nor cors crated mitre, from the same

"I fate could save: my country's funeral flame
"And Troy's cold ashes I attest, and call.
"To witness for myself, that in their fall
"No foes, or death, nor danger I declin'd,

"Did and deserv'd no less, my fate to find."

From this kind of concatenated metre he afterwards refrained, and taught his followers the art of concluding their sense in coupllets; which has perhaps been with rather too much constancy pursued.

This passage exhibits one of those triplets which are not infrequent in this first essay, but which it is to be supposed his maturer judgment disapproved, since in his latter works he has totally forborn them.

His rhymes are such as seem found without difficulty, by following the sense; and are for the most part as exact at least as those of other poets, though now and then the reader is shifted off with what he can get.

And again:

"O how transform'd!

"How much unlike that Hector, who return'd
"Clad in Achilles' spoils !

"From thence a thousand lesser poets sprung,

"Like petty princes from the fall of Rome."

Sometimes the weight of thyme is laid upon a word too feeble to sustain it :

"Troy confounded falls

"From all her glories: if it might have stood
"By any power, by this right hand it shou'd.
"And though my outward state misfortune hath
"Deprest thus low, it cannot reach my faith."
"Thus by his fraud and our own faith o'ercome,
"A feigned tear destroys us, against whom

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Tydides nor Achilles could prevail,

"Nor ten years conflict, nor a thousand sail.''

He is not very careful to vary the ends of his verses: in one passage the word die rhimes three couplets in six.

Most of these petty faults are in his first productions, when he was less skilful, or at least less dexterous in the use of words; and though they had been more frequent they could only have lessened the grace, not the strength of his composition. He is one of the writers that improved our taste, and advanced our language, and whom we ought therefore to read with gratitude, though, having done much, he left much to do.

MILTON.

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