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greatly agitated over a rumor that a railroad was to be built through the town."

"See Chap. VI.: 1-5," meaning Chap. VI., verses 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

5. Summing-Up.-The dash is used to denote a summing-up of particulars. Thus,

"Relatives, friends, home, all are gone."

6. Repetition. -When a word or an expression is repeated emphatically for rhetorical effect, the construction beginning anew, a dash should be placed before each repetition. Thus,

"I wish," said Uncle Toby, with a deep sigh-"I wish, Trim, I were asleep."

7. Reflex Apposition. When words at the end of a sentence stand detached and are in apposition with preceding parts of a sentence, they are separated from the preceding portion by a dash. Thus,

"Three of the world's greatest poems are epics-Paradise Lost, The Eneid, and The Iliad."

8. Titles Run In.—When a title or a heading, instead of standing over a paragraph, is run in so as to make a part of the paragraph, it is separated from the rest of the line by a dash. For illustration see the heading of this rule.

9. Dialogues.—The parts of a conversation or a dialogue, if run into one paragraph instead of forming separate paragraphs, are separated by dashes. Thus,

"Good morning, Mr. Brooks."—"Good morning, Sir."—"I hope you are well."-"Thank you, I am very well; how are you?"

10. With Other Marks.-A dash is often placed after other marks to add effect.

The following are the chief instances:

a. After a side-head. Thus,

"Remark 1.-"

b. Between the end of a paragraph and the name of the author if both are placed on the same line. Thus, "Procrastination is the thief of time."-Young.

c. Between short quotations brought together in the same line, as in example under Rule 9.

MARKS OF PARENTHESIS.

The Curves, or Marks of Parenthesis, are used to enclose such words as break the unity of a sentence and have little, if any, connection with the remaining part of it. Thus,

"To gain a posthumous reputation is to save four or five letters (for what is a name beside) from oblivion."

The sentence containing marks of parenthesis is punctuated as if no parenthetical part were included.

Whatever point may be needed is placed after the last curve, unless some other mark precedes the last curve, in which case the point is placed before the first curve. Thus,

a. "Pride, in some disguise or other (often a secret to the proud man himself), is the most ordinary spring of action among men."

b. “While we all desire fame, (and should we not desire it?) we should do nothing unfair to gain it."

The part within the curves is punctuated according to the usual rules, just as if no curves were used.

QUOTATION MARKS.

A quotation is the introduction into one's discourse of words uttered or written by some one else.

Quotation Marks are two inverted commas at the beginning, and two apostrophes at the close, of the part quoted.

The following are the rules for the use of Quotation Marks:

1. Direct Quotations.-Quotation marks are used to enclose a direct quotation. Thus,

Everett says,

"If we retrench the wages of the schoolmaster, we must raise those of the recruiting sergeant."

When other words occur between the parts of the quoted expression, only the quoted words are enclosed by the marks. Thus,

"We can overcome the difficulty," said the speaker, "by persistent effort."

When the quotation is not direct, no quotation marks are needed. Observe the following:

a. Bacon said, "Knowledge is power." b. Bacon said that knowledge is power.

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2. A Quotation within a Quotation. When one quotation is included within another, the included quotation is enclosed with single quotation marks. Thus,

These were Longfellow's words:

"Life is real, life is earnest;
And the grave is not the goal;

'Dust thou art, to dust returnest,'

Was not spoken of the soul."

If a quotation included within a quotation contains another included quotation, the latter is enclosed in double quotation marks. Thus,

I found the following: "Some one has said, 'What a world of wisdom is contained in the poet's words, "The grave is not the goal."""

Notice that the number of quotation marks at the end must balance those which begin the quotations.

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3. Quoted Paragraphs. When a number of quoted paragraphs come in succession, the inverted commas precede each paragraph, but the closing quotation marks follow the last paragraph only.

When a quotation is made, the quotation marks should enclose the usual punctuation marks as well as the words.

Observe the difference in the following:

a. His remark was, "Why did you not go?" b. Was his remark, "Must you go" or

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Will you go"?

The first sentence embraces a quoted question; the second is a question itself, and therefore is followed by an interrogation point.

Examples for illustration are sometimes enclosed in quotation marks. Thus,

The word "in" is sometimes an adverb.

THE HYPHEN.

The chief uses of the hyphen will be found discussed in connection with the subject of Syllabication, pp. 30-34.

OTHER MARKS.

The following are the most important of the other marks used in written and printed discourse. Most of them are used only by printers and proof-readers.

Brackets [] are used to enclose some word or words necessary to correct an error or afford an explanation; as, "They [the Puritans] came direct from Holland.”

Brackets are sometimes used in dictionaries and works

on language to enclose the pronunciation or the etymology of a word; as, Belles Lettres [bel let'r].

Brackets are used also in dialogues, dramas, etc., to enclose instructions to the actors.

The Apostrophe ['] is used to indicate the omission of letters or figures

1. To form contractions; as, doesn't for does not, don't for do not, isn't for is not, e'er for ever, o'er for over, etc. 2. To form plurals; as, 6's, +'s, S's, instead of 6es, +es, Ses.

3. To indicate the possessive form of a noun; as, king's, queen's, widow's, etc., the old forms having been kyngis, queenis, widdowes, etc.

4. To indicate the century figures in the case of dates; as, '97 for 1897.

The Ellipsis, [***], [. . . . .], [————], is used to show that letters or words have been omitted; as, President Cd, for President Cleveland, or Mrs. G***n, for Mrs. Green.

The Section [$] denotes the smaller divisions of a book or a chapter.

The Paragraph [1], now rarely used, denotes the beginning of a new paragraph or a new subject.

The Caret [] is used in writing to show that some

a

thing is to be inserted; as," Mr. Gry will remain with us a week.”

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The Caret should always be placed below the line and the correction immediately above it.

The Index [] is used to point out something · special.

The Brace [] is used to connect two or more terms with another term; as, Pupils Boys, 23.

Girls, 27.

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