565. Those which contain a statement are introduced by that, that not, and sometimes but or but that.

Ex.-That you have wronged me doth appear in this.

566. Clauses which contain an inquiry are introduced by the several interrogatives, who? which? what? where? when? why? how? whether? whence? whither? wherefore? (a.) The interrogatives whither, whether and wherefore, are becoming in a measure obsolete in the present usages of the language.

567. In the use of interrogative clauses in a complex sentence the interrogative may be,

1. The principal clause; the sentence is then a complex interrogative sentence.

Ex.-Do you know that your sister has returned?

2. The subordinate clause; the sentence is then a complex declarative sentence.

Ex. Your father inquired when I had heard from Madras.

Observe that the interrogation point is placed at the close of the former and the period at the close of the latter.

(a.) When an interrogative sentence is made subordinate, and becomes an organic part of another sentence, it loses, in a measure, its interrogative character, unless quoted directly. There is often a change of person, and generally a change of arrangement; as, "How did you obtain the situation?" He asked me how I obtained the situation."

"

(b.) The interrogative becomes the connective to the subordinate clause. Hence, when interrogative pronouns are used as connectives, they should be carefully distinguished from relative pronouns, which are used as the connectives of adjective clauses. Compare "I know not who did it" with "I know not the man who did it."

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SECTION II.

SUBORDINATE CLAUSES USED AS PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS.

Kind of Clauses Used as Principal Elements.

568. When a subordinate clause is used as the subject or predicate of a complex sentence, it becomes a principal element of the third class.

569. The substantive clause only can be used as a principal element.

The Substantive Clause as Subject.

570. The substantive clause, like the substantive or substantive phrase, may become the subject of a sentence. Ex.-That the earth revolves on its axis has been clearly proved.

(a.) By the idiom mentioned in (444) the substantive clause, as subject, is first represented by it, standing at the head of the sentence, and is itself placed after the predicate.

Ex.-It has been clearly proved that the earth revolves on its axis.

Model for Analyzing and Parsing.

P

Р

571. Analyze-Who was the author of Junius's Letters has never been satisfactorily determined = S3 P2 2v.

It is a complex sentence, because it contains a principal and a subordi

nate clause.

Who was the author of Junius's letters, or S3, is the subject of the principal clause.

Has been determined, or P2, is the predicate.

The predicate..

is limited by "satisfactorily,"an adverbial element of the first class, denoting manner; also by never, of the same class.

Who was the author, etc., is a principal element of the third class. It is used as a noun, third person, singular number, neuter gender, nominative case, and is the subject of the sentence; according to Rule I. (137).

Who.

Was author.

Author

Who .

is the subject of the subordinate clause, and

is the predicate.

is limited first by "the," and secondly by 'of Junius's Letters."

is an interrogative pronoun, used in a subordinate clause. It has no antecedent. It is of the third person, singular number, masculine gender, nominative case, and is the subject of "was;" according to Rule I. It connects the two dissimilar clauses; according to Rule XVI. (556).

"Who was author" may be considered as the grammatical subject of the complex sentence, and "Who was the author of Junius's Letters" the logical subject. The connection of who will be best seen by using the idiom in (444).

572. Analyze the following complex sentences according to the model:

That the earth is a sphere is easily proved. That honor and fame are the offspring of labor is the eternal law of nature. That sorrow robed the happy home in mourning was enough. That no man is justified by the law in the sight of God is evident. Whether the truth will be made to appear is uncertain. That a peculiar insensibility exists to the obligations of the parental and filial relation is too evident to need any extended illustration. That children may grow up as they please seems to be the prevalent opinion. Where the robber concealed his stolen treasures has never been ascertained.

When letters were first used is not certain. Why he resigned his office will soon be made known. How he made his escape is a mystery. From what place he came cannot be ascertained. In what manner he did it is wholly unknown. Who gave the information has been ascertained. Will he do it? is the question.

573. Write the above sentences, and introduce each by "it."

Ex. It is the eternal law of nature that honor and fame are the offspring of labor.

574. Write substantive clauses to complete the following; and then change them so as to place the subject before the predicate, dispensing with “it:”

It is evident. It is uncertain. It appears. It has been ascertained. It is mysterious. It is well known. It will be shown. It is true. It is probable. It was denied by none.

Ex. It is evident that the bill will be defeated That the bill will be defeated is evident.

575. Expand the following substantives and infinitives, with the words joined to them in italics, into substantive clauses used as subjects:

To swear is impious. To err is human. The utility of the telegraph is acknowledged. The name of the swimmer is not known. Your abuse of my brother is reprehensible. The place of his concealment has not been determined. The time of the boat's arrival was well known. For him to eat unripe fruit was presumptuous. The cause of his delay is unknown. The immortality of the soul is universally believed. The paleness of the ink is apparent. The authenticity of the Scriptures has been clearly proved.

Ex-That one should swear is impious. That the telegraph is useful is acknowledged.

576. Reduce any ten of the preceding substantive clauses to nouns or infinitives.

Ex-The sphericity of the earth is easily proved.

SUGGESTION.-At this stage of the learner's progress he has acquired sufficient insight into the structure of a sentence to enable him to fashion its elements according to his own choice. He has gained some knowledge of those innumerable devices by which the form of any part of a sentence may be changed. He should now have continued practice in changing form, in recasting his sentences, in giving new turns to the thought and the expression, and this for the purpose of exercising his judgment as to those forms which are the best. The ideas of rhythm, harmony, completeness. proper balance, and the avoidance of abruptness must be developed gradually and imperceptibly.

The Substantive Clause as Predicate.

577. The substantive clause may become the predicatenominative after to be.

Ex. His pretext was, that he misunderstood the design of the leader = a S P3. This construction will not need a separate model, since it would be like the model (148), with the exception that the predicate-nominative is expanded into a clause. See also the preceding model.

Exercise upon the Clause as Predicate.

578. Analyze the following complex sentences, and parse the predicates:

My desire is, that you may succeed. The question is, How shall the treasury be replenished? His pretence was, that the storm of the preceding evening prevented his attendance. Our hope is, that no such results will follow. Your belief is, that the enemy has crossed the mountain. His remark was, that such service is exceedingly humiliating. The promise made him was, that he should visit his friends the coming autumn. My determination is, that you shall attend school in the country.

579. Write complex sentences to the following subjects, and let the predicates be substantive clauses:

Question, answer, recommendation, proposal, design, words, orders, resolution.

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