further deferred it. In October, 1741, it was voted to erect a kitchen back of the rector's house, to repair it, and to fence the lot, and a committee was appointed, as before, to draw such sums as would be needed therefor.2 3 4 In 1743, £12 was appropriated to pay those who supervised the work. A year thereafter £200 in "Bills of Credit old tenour," was appropriated for the rector's house, and this not proving enough, £10 more in July, 1745.5 At these repairs, the roof was shingled, the walls clapboarded and "colored, and the windows filled with sash glass." The private gifts were becoming more numerous. Mr. Auditor Benson, of London, sent over Johnston's "Latin Psalms," in 9 volumes; the Rev. Dr. Thos. Wilson, of London, sent for the students thirty copies of the Bishop of Sodor's instructions to the Indians." Anthony Nougier, a wealthy French emigrant, dying in Fairfield in 1740, left £150 to come to the college after his wife's death, which occurred in 1743. Rector Clap's wife gave a new bell for the college building." The energy of Rector Clap was at once apparent; as soon as he was in office more stringent rules as to attendance and use of the library were made. In 1743, tuition was fixed at 24 shillings a year, and the first catalogue of the library published. In this about 2,600 volumes are named, there being remarkably good collections in classics, theology, and science, and a fairly good one in English literature, though there were but few foreign books. Rector Clap, in an advertisement attached to it, recommended the students, with the help of the catalogue, to study "In the First Year principally the Tongues, Arithmetic and Algebra; the Second, Logic, Rhetoric and Geometry; the Third, Mathematics and Natural Philosophy; and the Fourth, Ethics and Divinity." Bound with this catalogue, and preliminary to it, was "An Introduction to the Study of Philosophy, Exhibiting a General View of all the Arts and Sciences, for the Use of Pupils. With a Catalogue of some of the most valuable Authors necessary to be read in order to instruct them in a thorough Knowledge of each of them. By a Gentleman Educated at Yale College." This was by Dr. Samuel Johnson, and is another proof of his attachment to his alma mater." 10 The same year, all undergraduates were required to board in Commons.1 11 What this board was, may be gathered from a bill of fare of two years earlier. This does not seem to have been very sumptuous living. For Breakfast: one loaf of bread for 4 (persons) which shall weigh one pound. For Dinner for 4: one loaf of bread as aforesaid, 24 pounds of beef, veal, or mutton, or 14 pounds of salt pork about twice a week in the summer time; one quart of beer; two pennyworth of sauce. For Supper for 4: two quarts of milk and one loaf of 1 Connecticut Records, VIII, 345, 442. 6 Baldwin's Yale College. 7 Yale Annals, 661. Yale Annals, 699: Yale Annals, 637. 10 Yale Annals, 723, 724. il Yale Annals, 723. bread, when milk may conveniently be had; and, when it cannot, then an apple pie, which shall be made of 12 pounds of dough, pound hog's fat, two ounces sugar, and one peck of apples.1 2 From the extra grant in 1743, a third tutor was employed, so that the faculty now consisted of four; a tutor for each of the three lower classes, and the president for the seniors. Rector Clap's fondness for astronomy has been mentioned, and we find that he made an "Orrery or Planetarium" in 1743, which cost less than 20 shillings and yet represented, not only the orbits of the earth and five other planets; but also that of Halley's Comet.2 In 1744 a draft of a new charter (undoubtedly Rector Clap's work) was read by the trustees and ordered to be given to Governor Fitch, himself a Yale man (1721) "for his perusal and best thoughts upon it and that the draught, by the advice of two or three Trustees, be presented by the Rector to the General Assembly in October next, desiring that they would be pleased to pass it into an Act. They did so, and the "Collegiate School" became "Yale College." OLD AND NEW LIGHTS. In 1735 began that remarkable revival of religion known as the "Great Awakening." As a consequence of this, in the fall of 1740 the evangelist, George Whitefield, came to America at the request of many there who had been arcused by the preaching of Jonathan Edwards, and, on his tour, spent four days in October (23-27) at New Haven. There he "spoke very closely to the students and shewed the dreadful consequences of an unconverted ministry," and dined with Rector Clap. In February there was a revival of religion in the college and, at first, the college authorities seem to have been fully in sympathy with the movement. But the extravagances of some of the itinerant preachers changed the face of affairs. Notably, Rev. James Davenport, a graduate of 1732, preaching at New Haven, wildly denounced Rev. Mr. Noyes, pastor of the New Haven church, as "an unconverted man; a hypocrite, a wolf in sheep's clothing, and a devil incarnate." This, of course, created a great turmoil and led to a passage of a vote by the trustees that, "if any Students of this College shall directly or indirectly say that the Rector, either of the Trustees, or Tutors are hypocrites, carnal, or unconverted men, he shall for the first offence, make a public confession in the Hall, and for the second offence, be expelled."" They even went further and forbade students to go to the "Separate Meetings," as they were called. Rector Clap espoused the cause of the "Old Lights" so strongly as to head their petitions, committees, 1 Yale Annals, 663. 5 Yale Annals, 662. 6 Bacon's Hist. Discourses, 214. 7 Yale Annals, 663. 8 Yale Book, 1, 70. etc. In 1741 David Brainerd, later the celebrated missionary to the Indians, was expelled by him for attending a Separate meeting and refusing to make a public confession of wrongdoing, in saying that Tutor Whittlesey "has no more grace than a chair." Even the entreaties of such men as Edwards, Dickinson, and Burr, and Brainerd's apology in May, 1742, could not induce him to revoke his order.1 At commencement, in 1744, the trustees made a rule that no man over 21 should be admitted as a freshman without special permission. The ostensible reason was that "the original design of the College, as declared in the Charter, was for the training up youth in the arts and sciences;" the real reason was that some of the most stubborn adherents of the "New Lights” were over that age at entrance.2 In the next year Clap engaged in a controversy with Edwards about Whitefield, whom he now violently opposed.3 Feeling ran high on both sides. The faculty of Harvard came out with a denunciation of Whitefield, and Yale followed the example1 in a pamphlet printed at Boston. In the fall of 1744 occurred an event which caused much excitement and placed Rector Clap high in the esteem of the "Old Lights." Two brothers, John and Ebenezer Cleaveland, students at the college, returned home for their vacation. As their parents attended the preaching of one of the "Separate Ministers," they naturally went there with them. On their return to college, they were called before the faculty for the heinous offense. They were ordered to be admonished, and to confess that they "had acted contrary to the rules of the gospel, the laws of this colony and the college," or to be expelled. They naturally eontinued "to justify themselves and to refuse to make an acknowledgment" of the kind required, and were expelled in January.5 This act "made a great clamour in the State as unprecedented and cruel. It was considered as a severity exceeding the law of college respecting that case." Letters were printed on both sides; but it established Rector Clap more firmly than ever in the favor of the "Old Lights," who were a majority in the general assembly. Consequently, his desired charter was passed by it in May, 1745, and, at the same session, it dismissed a petition of the Cleavelands for redress. The charter was obtained at a favorable moment, for later Clap fell out of favor and could not have obtained it." During these first years of Rector Clap's reign, graduated Eliphalet Dyer, active in the Susquehanna Company; one of the heroes of the famous Windham frog story; colonel of a regiment in the last French war; chief judge of the Connecticut superior court, and member of the Continental Congress. Dr. Samuel Hopkins graduated also in this period, afterwards made famous by a system of theology, the "Hopkinsian," taking its name from him. The class of 1744 numbered 1 Yale Annals, 698. 2 Yale Annals, 754. Yale Annals, 771. 4 Yale Annals, 772. 5 Their degrees were given them many years later. Brainerd never got his. 6 Trumbull's Conn., 1, 179–183. 7 Yale Annals, 772. among its members William Samuel Johnson, who followed in his father's footsteps in being President of Columbia College. He was also in the Continental Congress; a signer of the Constitution; and was the first Yale man to receive an honorary degree in law.1 SECTION III.—YALE COLLEGE TILL THE REVOLUTION, AND THE ACCESSION OF PRESIDENT STILES (1777). THE NEW CHARTER. The original charter, as we have seen, made the trustees "partners, not a body politick," and Sewall and Addington, in their letter sent with the draft for a charter, say they did not dare "to incorporate it lest it should be liable to be served with a writ of quo warranto.” 3 But forty-five years later the colony was bolder, and though in 1733 it resolved that it was "at least very doubtful" of its power to incorporate a company, "and hazardous, therefore, for this government to presume upon it," yet, when Yale petitioned for an enlargement of its charter, it dared to make a definite charter of incorporation. This was so broad and ample that it has served the college to this day and hence is worth examining. It is entitled "An act for the more full and complete establishment of Yale College in New Haven and for enlarging the powers and privileges thereof." 5 The preamble states that it "has received the favorable benefactions of many liberal and piously disposed persons and, under the blessing of Almighty God, has trained up many worthy persons for the service of God in the State, as well as in the church," and that the trustees desire more power "for the ordering and managing the said school in the most advantageous and beneficial manner for the promoting all good literature in the present and succeeding generations." Consequently Rector Clap and the other trustees then in office, ten in number, are made "an incorporate society or body corporate and politic; and shall hereafter be called and known by the name of the president and fellows of Yale College in New Haven” and are given the privileges usually enjoyed by corporations. They may hold lands and gifts; shall meet annually (special meetings being provided for); the president and six fellows, or seven without him, shall be a quorum, and may remove and supply the places of any of their members. They "shall have power to appoint a scribe or register, a treasurer, tutors, professors, steward, and all such other officers and 6 1 He was made D. C. L. by Oxford in 1776. 2 Eccles, Constitution of Yale College, 411, N. H. Col. Hist. Soc. Colls. Eccles, Constitution of Yale College, 413. 'Eccles, Constitution of Yale College, 414. "It is in Trumbull, 11, 306–310, and Conn. Rec., x, 113, and in Yale annual catalogues. "Woolsey suggests that the reason for having no professors before this was that such were thought officers of a university, not of a college. Yale Book, 11, 495 et seq. servants as are usually appointed in colleges or universities; to prescribe and administer such forms of oaths (not being contrary to the laws of England or this Colony) as they shall think proper," and shall "make, ordain, and establish all such wholesome and reasonable laws, rules, and ordinances as they shall think fit and proper for the instruction and education of the students and ordering, governing, ruling, and managing the said college, etc., which shall be laid before this assembly, as often as required, and may also be repealed, or disallowed by this assembly, when they shall think proper." It is curious to note that all officers are to take both the oath of allegiance and the oath of loyalty to King George and the Hanoverian succession. "The president, with the consent of the fellows, shall have power to give and confer all such honors, degrees, or licenses as are usually given in colleges and universities, upon such as they shall think worthy thereof. Lands and rateable estate, not exceeding the yearly value of £500 sterling, lying in this government, and the persons, families, and estates of the president and professors," in New Haven, and "the persons of the tutors, students, and such and so many of the servants of said college," as give their whole time to it, are to be free from taxes. At the end a grant is made of £100 silver money, at 6 shillings 8 pence per ounce, to be paid in bills of credit, semiannually, "in lieu of all former grants." The charter is signed by Jonathan Law, governor, whose efforts for it were very helpful. This charter "laid the foundation" for the college's "advancement to a very useful and honorable university." Some of the noticeable differences between the new charter and the old are, that by this the name Yale College is first legally given to the institution; that the rector and trustees are elevated into the president and fellows; that the temporary moderator of the trustees is replaced by the permanent president; and that no qualifications for the trustees were mentioned. The noteworthy omission of provisions for ecclesiastical government is probably due to the desire not to offend any, in getting the charter through, and to the fact that the fellows, filling their own vacancies, might be trusted in regard to all such matters.2 PRESIDENT CLAP AND THE COLLEGE CHURCH. In President Stiles's diary, quoting President Clap's recital of fifteen leading events in the latter's life, he mentions as one, "May, 1745. Became president in the new Charter of College" and for twenty years he held the office with unbending sturdiness. We have seen that Clap at first favored the conservative party in religion. In 1745 he called Rev. Thomas Cooke, one of the corporation, to answer before it for his "new-light" beliefs; but he, to avoid the tumult, resigned. 1 Trumbull, 11, 310. 2 Eccles. Constitution of Yale College, 419. 3 Bacon's Hist. Discourses, 232. Now, how |