with some one of the four letters forming the word Clio, the name of the muse of history. Steele's are signed R or T. In Spectator, No. 221, Addison gives a droll comment upon these "Capital Letters placed at the End of the papers."

II. THE CLUB

Motto. "But other six and more call out with one voice." — Juvenal, Satires, vii, 167.

51 2. Sir Roger de Coverley. "The still popular dance-tune from which Addison borrowed the name of Sir Roger de Coverley in The Spectator, is contained in Playford's Division Violin, 1685; in The Dancing Master of 1696, and all subsequent editions." - Chappell, Popular Music of the Olden Time.

Steele says it was Swift who made the happy suggestion of calling the old knight by the name of the popular dance.

51 4. Country-dance. This seems to be the original form of which contre-dance and contra-dance are perversions, naturally arising from the fact that in such dances the men and women stand in lines facing each other.

51 14. Soho Square. Since the time of Charles II this had been a fashionable quarter of London, but fell into comparative disfavour as a place of residence before the close of the eighteenth century.

We do not hear again of this town residence of Sir Roger; he is considered as a country gentleman, who only makes short visits to London, and then lodges in Norfolk buildings off the Strand.

52 I. My Lord Rochester and Sir George Etherege. John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester (1647-1680), and Sir George Etherege (1634-1694) enjoyed some little reputation as poets and more notoriety as rakes during the reign of Charles II. Etherege had considerable dramatic ability; but both men covered with a veneer of fine manners essentially vulgar lives, and both died drunkards.

52: 2. Bully Dawson. "A swaggering sharper of Whitefriars."― Morley.

53: 2. Inner Temple. The Inns of Court are legal societies in London which have the exclusive right of admitting candidates to the bar, and provide instruction and examinations for that purpose. There are four of these Inns of Court, Lincoln's Inn, Gray's Inn, the Middle Temple, and the Inner Temple. The last two derive their names from the fact that they occupy buildings and gardens on the site formerly belonging to the military order of Knights Templar, which was dissolved in the fourteenth century. The famous Temple Church is the only one of the buildings of the great Knights Templar establishment that now remains. We hear but little of the Templar in the following papers; Steele did not find the character as interesting as it might have been expected he would.

53: 8.

Aristotle (384-322 B.C.), the greatest of Greek philosophers in his influence upon later thought, was also perhaps the greatest, as he was the first, of literary critics. The Templar probably cared quite as much for Aristotle's Rhetoric and Poetics as for his philosophical works.

53 9. Longinus (210-273) was the author of a treatise On the Sublime, more admired two centuries ago than it is to-day.

539. Littleton. Sir Thomas Littleton (1402-1481), a noted English jurist, author of a famous work in French on Tenures.

53: IO. Coke. The Institutes of Sir Edward Coke (15521634), a reprint and translation of Littleton's book, with copious comment, hence popularly known as Coke on Littleton,

a great authority upon the law of real property.

53 17. Tully. Marcus Tullius Cicero.

are

53 29. Exactly at five. In the Queen Anne days the play began at six, or often as early as five. The Templar is going to the Drury Lane Theatre. He passes New Inn, which was one of the buildings of the Middle Temple, crosses the Strand, and through Russell Court reaches Will's Coffee-house, where he looks in for

coffee and the news, and he has his shoes rubbed and his wig powdered at the barber's by the Rose Tavern, which stood just beside the theatre.

54 6. Sir Andrew Freeport. Steele's Whig sympathies may be seen in this picture of the intelligent and enterprising merchant. The trading classes of England belonged then almost entirely to the Whig party; the landed aristocracy, on the other hand, country squire and country parson, were almost always Tories. See note on p. 242.

54 22.

A penny got. This would seem to be the source of Franklin's Poor Richard's maxim, "A penny saved is a penny earned."

57 6. Hoods. The hood was an important article of woman's attire at this time. See Addison's delightful paper, Spectator,

No. 265. 57: 12. The Duke of Monmouth. The natural son of Charles II, who, during the reign of James II, in 1685, invaded England and attempted to seize the crown; but was defeated in the battle of Sedgemoor, the last battle fought on English soil, — taken prisoner, and executed on Tower Hill. He was a young man of little ability; but his personal beauty and engaging manners won him many friends. See the portrait of him as Absalom in Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel, 29, 30:

:

"His motions all accompanied with grace,

And Paradise was opened in his face."

58 23. R. One of Steele's signatures. See note, p. 219.

III. SIR ROGER'S CRITICISMS ON POLITE SOCIETY

Motto. "They used to think it a great crime, even deserving of death, if a young man did not rise up in the presence of an elder.”Juvenal, Satires, xiii. 54.

59 6. Wit and sense. These were reckoned in the Queen Anne time the cardinal virtues not only of literature, but of society.

Keenness and quickness of intellect, grace of form in letters, urbanity and good breeding, brilliancy of converse in society — these were the qualities the age most admired. This paper is one of many written by Steele to protest against the divorce of these qualities from morality and religion.

599. Abandoned writings of men of wit. Steele probably has especially in mind the drama of his time. English comedy was never so witty and never so abandoned as in the fifty years following the Restoration.

60 8. Lincoln's Inn Fields. A large square just west of Lincoln's Inn, at this time much frequented by beggars and sharpers.

61 24. Sir Richard Blackmore (1650-1729), a dull, longwinded poet of the time, whose verse has little beside its virtue to recommend it. In the Preface to his long philosophical poem, The Creation, published a few months after this paper was written, he inveighs at great length against the licentiousness and atheism of men of wit and letters; but the sentences in the text seem to be quoted, though inaccurately, from the Preface to his earlier epic, Prince Arthur (1695).

IV. THE CLUB AND THE SPECTATOR

Motto. "A wild beast spares his own kind."—Juvenal, Satires, XV. 159.

65 13. The opera and the puppet-show. The absurd unrealities of the Italian opera, then recently introduced into England, were a subject of frequent sarcastic comment in The Spectator. “Audiences,” says Addison, “have often been reproached by writers for the coarseness of their taste; but our present grievance does not seem to be the want of a good taste, but of common sense." For strictures on the opera, see Nos. 1, 13, 18, 22, 29, 31.

65 15. Dress and equipage of persons of quality. Perhaps he refers to No. 16, in which the Spectator had ventured some

criticism upon muffs and garters and fringed gloves and other 'foppish ornaments."

66

65 19. The city. Technically "the city" is that part of London north of the Thames from Temple Bar on the west to the Tower on the east, and extending as far as Finsbury on the north, which constituted the original walled city of London. It is the part of London under the immediate control of the lord mayor and aldermen, and its residents are "citizens." The trade and business of London was in Addison's time almost entirely — and still is very largely — included in this area.

Sir Andrew Freeport, as a merchant, of course stands up for the city.

66 4. The wits of King Charles's time. The comedies of the writers of the time of Charles II — Farquhar, Wycherley, Congreve, Vanbrugh — usually turn upon intrigue of which the wives and daughters of citizens are the victims.

66 6. Horace (65–8 B.C.) and Juvenal (circa 60–140 A.D.), the masters of Latin satire; Boileau (1636–1711), a French satirist and critic.

66: 12.

Persons of the Inns of Court. See Spectator, No. 21. 66 25. Fox hunters. Whatever Mr. Spectator may have said in private, it does not seem that he had thus far written any paper disparaging fox hunters. A later essay, No. 474, - not written by Addison, is rather severe upon them. Addison's famous picture of the Tory fox hunter is found in The Freeholder, No. 22.

67 23. Vices . . . too trivial for the chastisement of the law, and too fantastical for the cognizance of the pulpit. This is an admirable indication of the range and purpose of the Specta

tor's satire.

68 16. The Roman triumvirate. Octavius, Antony, Lepidus. For the account of their "debate," see Plutarch's Life of Mark Antony or Shakespeare's version of it in Julius Cæsar, iv. 1.

68 27. Punch. One Robert Powell, a hunchbacked dwarf, kept a puppet show, or "Punch's theatre," in Covent Garden. The