J. A. FABRICIUS: Bibliotheca Latina Medice et Infimæ Etatis. Hamb. 1734, and with supplem. 1754, 6 vols. 4to. Abbé MIGNE: Patralogic Cursus Completus, sive Bibliotheca Universalis ... Patrum, etc. Paris, 1844-'66. The Latin series (1844-55) has 221 vols. (4 vols. indices); the Greek series (1857-'66) has 166 vols. The Latin series, from tom. 80-217, contains the writers from Gregory the Great to Innocent III. Reprints of older editions, and most valuable for completeness and convenience, though lacking in critical accuracy. Abbé HORAY: Medii Evi Bibliotheca Patristica ab anno MCCXVI usque ad Concilii Tridentini Tempora. Paris, 1879 sqq. A continuation of Migne in the same style. The first 4 vols. contain the Opera Honorii III. JOAN. DOMIN. MANSI (archbishop of Lucca, d. 1769): Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima Collectio. Florence and Venice 17591798, 31 vols. fol. The best collection down to 1509. A new ed. (fac-simile) publ. by Victor Palmé, Paris and Berlin 1884 sqq. Earlier collections of Councils by LABBÉ and COSSART (1671-72, 18 vols), COLET (with the supplements of Mansi, 1728-52, 29 vols. fol.), and HARDOUIN (1715, 12 vols. fol.). C. COCQUELINES: Magnum Bullarium Romanum. Bullarum, Privilegiorum ac Diplomatum Romanorum Pontificum usque ad Clementem XII. amplissima Collectio. Rom. 1738-58. 14 Tom. fol. in 28 Partes; new ed. 1847-72, in 24 vols. A. A. BARBERI: Magni Bullarii Rom. Continuatio a Clemente XIII. ad Pium VIII. (1758-1830). Rom. 1835-'57, 18 vols. fol. The bulls of Gregory XVI. appeared 1857 in 1 vol. G. H. PERTZ (d. 1876): Monumenta Germania Historica. Hannov. 18261879. 24 vols. fol. Continued by G. WAITZ. III. DOCUMENTARY HISTORIES. Acta Sanctorum BOLLANDISTARUM. Antw. Bruxellis et Tongerloæ, 16431794; Brux. 1845 sqq., new ed. Paris, 1863-'75, in 61 vols. fol. (with supplement). See a list of contents in the seventh volume for June or the first volume for October; also in the second part of Potthast, sub "Vita," pp. 575 sqq. This monumental work of John Bolland (a learned Jesuit, 15961665), Godefr. Henschen (†1681), Dan. Papebroch (†1714), and their associates and followers, called Bollandists, contains biographies of all the saints of the Catholic Church in the order of the calendar, and divided into months. They are not critical histories, but compilations of an immense material of facts and fiction, which illustrate the life and manners of the ancient and medieval church. Potthast justly calls it a "riesenhaftes Denkmal wissenschaftlichen Strebens." It was carried on with the aid of the Belgic government, which contributed (since 1837) 6,000 francs annually. CES. BARONIUS (d. 1607): Annales ecclesiastici a Christo nato ad annum 1198. Rom. 1588-1593, 12 vols. Continued by RAYNALDI (from 1198 to 1565), LADERCHI (from 1566-1571), and A. THEINER (15721584). Best ed. by Mansi, with the continuations of Raynaldi, and the Critica of Pagi, Lucca, 1738-'59, 35 vols. fol. text, and 3 vols. of index universalis. A new ed. by A. Theiner (d. 1874), Bar-le-Duc, 1864 sqq. Likewise a work of herculean industry, but to be used with critical caution, as it contains many spurious documents, legends and fictions, and is written in the interest and defence of the papacy. IV. MODERN HISTORIES OF THE MIDDLE AGES. J. M. F. FRANTIN: Annales du moyen age. Dijon, 1825, 8 vols. 8vo. R. HAMPSON: Medii Eri Calendarium, or Dates, Charters, and Customs of the Middle Ages, with Kalenders from the Xth to the XVth century. London, 1841, 2 vols. 8vo. HENRY HALLAM (d. 1859): View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages. London, 1818, 3d ed. 1848, Boston ed. 1864 in 3 vols. By the same: Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries. Several ed., Engl. and Am. Boston ed. 1864 in 4 vols.; N. York, 1880, in 4 vols. CHARLES HARDWICK (†1859): A History of the Christian Church. Middle Age. 3d ed. by Stubbs, London, 1872. HENRY HART MILMAN (†1868): History of Latin Christianity; includ ing that of the Popes to the Pontificate of Nicholas V. London and N. York, 1854, 8 vols., new ed., N. York (A. C. Armstrong & Son), 1880. RICHARD CHENEVIX TRENCH (Archbishop of Dublin): Lectures on Mediaeval Church History. London, 1877, republ. N. York, 1878. V. THE MEDIEVAL SECTIONS OF THE GENERAL CHURCH HISTORIES. (a) Roman Catholic: BARONIUS (see above), FLEURY, MÖHLER, Alzog, DÖLLINGER (before 1870), HERGENRÖTHER. (b) Protestant: MOSHEIM, SCHRÖCKH, GIESELER, NEANDER, BAUR, HAGENBACH, ROBERTSON. Also GIBBON'S Decline and Fall of the Rom. Empire (Wm. Smith's ed.), from ch. 45 to the close. VI. AUXILIARY. DOMIN. DU CANGE (Charles du Fresne, d. 1688): Glossarium ad Scriptores media et infimae Latinitatis, Paris, 1678; new ed. by Henschel, Par. 1840-250, in 7 vols. 4to; and again by Favre, 1883 sqq.-By the same: Glossarium ad Scriptores medi et infimæ Græcitatis, Par. 1682, and Lugd. Batav. 1688, 2 vols. fol. These two works are the philological keys to the knowledge of medieval church history. An English ed. of the Latin glossary has been announced by John Murray, of London: Medieval Latin-English Dictionary, based upon the great work of Du Cange. With additions and corrections by E. A. DAYMAN. § 2. The Middle Age. Limits and General Character. The MIDDLE Age, as the term implies, is the period which intervenes between ancient and modern times, and connects them, by continuing the one, and preparing for the other. It forms the transition from the Græco-Roman civilization to the RomanoGermanic civilization, which gradually arose out of the intervening chaos of barbarism. The connecting link is Christianity, which saved the best elements of the old, and directed and moulded the new order of things. Politically, the middle age dates from the great migration of nations and the downfall of the western Roman Empire in the fifth century; but for ecclesiastical history it begins with Gregory the Great, the last of the fathers and the first of the popes, at the close of the sixth century. Its termination, both for secular and ecclesiastical history, is the Reformation of the sixteenth century (1517), which introduces the modern age of the Christian era. Some date modern history from the invention of the art of printing, or from the discovery of America, which preceded the Reformation; but these events were only preparatory to a great reform movement and extension of the Christian world. The theatre of medieval Christianity is mainly Europe. In Western Asia and North Africa, the Cross was supplanted by the Crescent; and America, which opened a new field for the ever-expanding energies of history, was not discovered until the close of the fifteenth century. Europe was peopled by a warlike emigration of heathen barbarians from Asia, as America is peopled by a peaceful emigration from civilized and Christian Europe. The great migration of nations marks a turning point in the history of religion and civilization. It was destructive in its first effects, and appeared like the doom of the judgment-day; but it proved the harbinger of a new creation, the chaos preceding the cosmos. The change was brought about gradually. The forces of the old Greek and Roman world continued to work for centuries alongside of the new elements. The barbarian irruption came not like a single torrent which passes by, but as the tide which advances and retires, returns and at last becomes master of the flooded soil. The savages of the north swept down the valley of the Danube to the borders of the Greek Empire, and southward over the Rhine and the Vosges into Gaul, across the Alps into Italy, and across the Pyrenees into Spain. They were not a single people, but many independent tribes; not an organized army of a conqueror, but irregular hordes of wild warriors ruled by intrepid kings; not directed by the ambition of one controlling genius, like Alexander or Cæsar, but prompted by the irresistible impulse of an historical instinct, and unconsciously bearing in their rear the future destinies of Europe and America. They brought with them fire and sword, destruction and desolation, but also life and vigor, respect for woman, sense of honor, love of liberty-noble instincts, which, being purified and developed by Christianity, became the governing principles of a higher civilization than that of Greece and Rome. The Christian monk Salvian, who lived in the midst of the barbarian flood, in the middle of the fifth century, draws a most gloomy and appalling picture of the vices of the orthodox Romans of his time, and does not hesitate to give preference to the heretical (Arian) and heathen barbarians, "whose chastity purifies the earth, deep stained with the Roman debauches." St. Augustin (d. 430), who took a more sober and comprehensive view, intimates, in his great work on the City of God, the possibility of the rise of a new and better civilization from the ruins of the old Roman empire; and his pupil, Orosius, clearly expresses this hopeful view. "Men assert," he says, "that the barbarians are enemies of the State. I reply that all the East thought the same of the great Alexander; the Romans also seemed no better than the enemies of all society to the nations afar off, whose repose they troubled. But the Greeks, you say, established empires; the Germans overthrow them. Well, the Macedonians began by subduing the nations which afterwards they civilized. The Germans are now upset ting all this world; but if, which Heaven avert, they finish by continuing to be its masters, peradventure some day posterity will salute with the title of great princes those in whom we at this day can see nothing but enemies." § 3. The Nations of Mediaval Christianity. The Kelt, the Teuton, and the Slav. The new national forces which now enter upon the arena of church-history may be divided into four groups: 1. The ROMANIC or LATIN nations of Southern Europe, including the Italians, Spaniards, Portuguese and French. They are the natural descendants and heirs of the old Roman nationality and Latin Christianity, yet mixed with the new Keltic and Germanic forces. Their languages are all derived from the Latin; they inherited Roman laws and customs, and adhered to the Roman See as the centre of their ecclesiastical organization; they carried Christianity to the advancing barbarians, and by their superior civilization gave laws to the conquerors. They still adhere, with their descendants in Central and South America, to the Roman Catholic Church. 2. The KELTIC race, embracing the Gauls, old Britons, the Picts and Scots, the Welsh and Irish with their numerous emigrants in all the large cities of Great Britain and the United States, appear in history several hundred years before Christ, as the first light wave of the vast Aryan migration from the mysterious bowels of Asia, which swept to the borders of the extreme West.' The Gauls were conquered by Cæsar, but afterwards 1 Keλroć or Kéλrai, Celtæ, Tahára, Galate or Galati, Galli, Gael. Some derive it from celt, a cover, shelter; others from celu (Lat. celo) to conceal. Herodotus first mentions them, as dwelling in the extreme northwest of Europe. On these terms see Diefenbach, Celtica, Brandes, Kelten und Germanen, Thierry, Histoire des Gaulois, the art. Galli in Pauly's Realencyclopädie, and the introductions to the critical Commentaries on the Galatians by Wieseler and Lightfoot (and Lightfoot's Excursus I.). The Galatians in Asia Minor, to whom Paul addressed his epistle, were a branch of the Keltic race, which either separated from the main current of the westward migration, or, being obstructed by the ocean, retraced their steps, and turned eastward. Wieseler (in his Com. and in several articles in the “Studien und Kritiken," and in the "Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte," 1877 No. 1) tries to make them Germans, a view first hinted at |