cellaneous Poems,' including epistles, epigrams, inscriptions and hymns.

§ 170. Florus Magister, of Lyons.

I. FLORUS, diaconus Lugdunensis: Opera omnia, in Migne, Tom. CXIX. col. 9-424. His poems are given by DÜMMLER: Poet. Lat. æv. Carolini, II. (Berlin, 1884), pp. 507-566.

II. BACH: Dogmengeschichte des Mittelalters, Wien, 1873-1875, 2 Abth. I. 240. Hist. lit. de la France, V. 213-240. CEILLIER, XII. 478493. BÄHR, 108, 109; 447-453. EBERT, II. 268–272.

FLORUS was probably born in the closing year of the eighth century and lived in Lyons during the reigns of Louis the Pious, Charles the Bald and Louis II. He was head of the cathedral school, on which account he is commonly called Florus Magister. He was also a deacon or sub-deacon. He enjoyed a wide reputation for learning, virtue and ability. He stood in confidential relations with his bishop, Agobard, and with some of the most distinguished men of his time. His library was a subject of remark and wonder for its large size.2

Like every other scholar under Charles the Bald, he made his contribution to the Eucharistic and Predestination controversies. In the former he took the side of Rabanus Maurus and Ratramnus against the transubstantiation theory of Paschasius Radbertus; in the latter he opposed Johannes Scotus Erigena, without, however, going entirely over to the side of Gottschalk. He sat in the council of Quiercy (849), the first one called by Hincmar in the case of Gottschalk. He died about 860. His complete works are:

1. A patristic cento on the election of Bishops,3 written in 834, to show that in primitive Christian times the bishops were always chosen by the free vote of the congregation and the clergy. Therefore the interference of the king in such elections, which was

1 Dümmler, pp. 350-428. Migne, CXIV, col. 1083-1120. Cf. Wandalbert, in Migne, CXXI. col. 577.

3 Liber de electionibus episcoporum, collectus ex sententiis patrum, Migne CXIX. col. 11-14.

one of the growing evils of the time, was unwarranted by tradition and only defensible on the plea of necessity to preserve the union between Church and State.

2. An Exposition of the Mass, compiled, according to his own express statement, for the most part, from Cyprian, Ambrose, Augustin, and other Fathers.

3. A Treatise against Amalarius, in which he supports Agobard against Amalarius, who had explained the liturgy in a mystical and allegorical manner.3

4. A Martyrology, a continuation of Bede's.

5. Sermon on Predestination.5

6. A treatise against Scotus Erigena's errors, written in 852, in the name of the church of Lyons. He calls attention to Erigena's rationalistic treatment of the Scriptures and the Fathers; rejects the definition of evil as negation; insists that faith in Christ and an inner revelation are necessary to a right understanding of the Scriptures. It is noticeable that while he censures Erigena for his abuse of secular science, he claims that it has its proper use."

7. St. Augustin's Exposition of the Pauline Epistles, long attributed to Bede.

8. Capitulary collected from the Law and the Canons.

9. Miscellaneous Poems,10 which prove him to have had a spark of true poetic genius."

10. There is also extant a letter which he wrote to the empress Judith.12

1 Opusculum de expositioe missa, Migne, CXIX, col. 15-72.

2 Opusculum adversus Amalarium, ibid. col. 71-96.

3 See Amalarius in Migne, CV. col. 815 sqq.

4 Martyrologium, Migne, XCIV. col. 797 sqq.

5 Sermo de prædestinatione, Migne, CXIX. col. 95-102.

Adversus J. S. Erigenæ erroneas definitiones liber, ibid. col. 101-250.

7 See his preface (col. 101-103).

8 Expositio in epistolas Beati Pauli ex operibus Sancti Augustini collecta, ibid. col. 279-420. 9 Capitula ex lege et canone collecta, ibid. col. 419-422.

10 Carmina varia, ibid. col. 249-278. 11 Ebert discusses them, II. 269–272. 12 Flori epistola ad imperatricem Judith, Migne, CXIX. col. 423, 424.

§ 171. Servatus Lupus.

I. Beatus SERVATUS LUPUS: Opera, in Migne, Tom. CXIX. col. 423694 (a reprint of the edition of Baluze. Paris, 1664, 2d ed. 1710). The Homilies and hymns given by Migne (col. 693–700) are spurious. II. Notitia historica et bibliographica in Servatum Lupum by Baluze, in Migne, l. c. col. 423-6. NICOLAS : Étude sur les lettres de Servat Loup, Clermont-Ferrant, 1861; FRANZ SPROTTE: Biographie des Abtes Servatus Lupus von Ferrières, Regensburg, 1880. DU PIN, VII. 169-73. CEILLIER, XII. 500-514. Hist. lit. de la France, V. 255–272. BÅHR, 456–461. EBERT, II. 203–209. J. BASS MULLINGER: The Schools of Charles the Great. London, 1877, pp. 158-170. For Lupus' part in the different councils he attended, see HEFELE: Conciliengeschichte, IV. passim.

LUPUS, surnamed Servatus,' was descended from a prominent family. He was born in Sens (70 miles S. E. of Paris) in the year 805 and educated in the neighboring Benedictine monastery of SS. Mary and Peter anciently called Bethlehem, at Ferrières, then under abbot Aldrich, who in 829 became archbishop of Sens, and died early in 836. He took monastic vows, was ordained a deacon and then taught in the convent-school until in 830 on advice of Aldrich he went to Fulda. Einhard, whose life of Charlemagne had already deeply impressed him,' was then abbot of Seligenstadt, only a few miles away, but his son Wussin was being educated at Fulda, and it was on a visit that he made to see his son that Lupus first met him. With him and with the abbot of Fulda, the famous Rabanus Maurus, he entered into friendship. It was he who incited Rabanus to make his great compilation upon the Epistles of Paul;3 and to him Einhard dedicated his now lost treatise De adoranda cruce.* He pursued his studies at Fulda and also gave instruction until the spring of 836, when he returned to Ferrières. He then

1 Perhaps in memory of his recovery from some severe illness, as that which in the winter of 838-9 confined him for a time in the convent of St. Trond in the diocese of Liège. 2 Lupus, Epist. I. (Migne, CXIX. col. 433).

4

Migne, ibid col. 445.

3 Baluze, in Migne, ibid. col. 425. 5Although he thus lived six years in Germany he never obtained a mastery of German. Wetzer u. Wette, Kirchenlexicon, s. v. Lupus.

took priest's orders and taught grammar and rhetoric in the abbey school. In 837 he was presented at the court of Louis the Pious, and by special request of the empress Judith appeared the next year (Sept. 22, 838).' The favor showed him led him naturally to expect speedy preferment, but he was doomed to disappointment. In the winter of 838 and 839 he accompanied Odo, who had succeeded Aldrich, to Frankfort,2 where the emperor Louis spent January and February, 839. Louis died in 840 and was succeeded by Charles the Bald. In 842 Charles deposed Odo because of his connection with Lothair, and by request of the emperor the monks elected Lupus their abbot, Nov. 22, 842,3 and the emperor confirmed the election. It was with diffiulty that Odo was removed. The year 844 was an eventful one with Lupus. The monks of Ferrières were bound yearly to supply money and military service to Charles, and Lupus had to take the field in person. In this year he went against the rebellious Aquitanians. On June 14th he was taken prisoner by them in the battle of Angoulême, but released after a few days by intervention of Turpio, count of Angoulême, and on July 3d he was back again in Ferrières. Later on he was sent by Charles, with Prudentius, bishop of Troyes, to visit the monasteries of Burgundy, and at the close of the year he sat in the council of Verneuil, and drew up the canons. Can. XII. is directed against the king's seizure on ecclesiastical property. His own special grievance was that Charles had rewarded the fidelity of a certain Count Odulf by allowing him the revenues of the cell or monastery of St. Judocus on the coast of Picardy (St. Josse sur mer), which had belonged to Alcuin, but was given to Ferrières by Louis the Pious, and the loss of which greatly crippled his already ex

1 So Baluze, in Migne, CXIX col. 423.

It was upon this journey that Lupus fell sick. See n. 1 on p. 735.

So Baluze, ibid. col. 425.

5 Hefele, IV. 111. Pertz, Legg. I. 383.

Pertz, Legg. I. 223.

pensive monastery.' It was not, however, until 849 that the cell was restored. This is the more strange because Charles had a high regard for his learning and diplomatic skill, as is shown by his employment of Lupus in delicate public business. Thus in 847 Lupus sat in the peace congress at Utrecht between Lothair, Louis and Charles the Bald. In midsummer 849 Charles sent him to Leo IV. at Rome concerning the ecclesiastical encroachments of the Breton Duke Nominoi. In the spring of 853 he sat in the council of Soissons and took Hincmar's side regarding the deposition of those priests whom Ebo had ordained, after his own deposition in 835. In the same year he attended the convocation of the diocese of Sens and there sided with Prudentius against Hincmar's deliverances in the Gottschalk controversy. It is supposed that he was also at the council of Quiercy, 857, because his Admonitio is written in the spirit of the deliberations of that council respecting the troubles of the times. In 858 he was sent on diplomatic business to Louis the German. But in the same year he was forced by the exigencies of the times to deposit the abbey's valuables with the monks of St. Germain Auxerrois for safe keeping. In 861 Foleric of Troyes offered protection to his monastery. In 862 he was at Pistes, and drew up the sentence of the council against Robert, archbishop of Mans. As after this date all trace of Lupus is lost, his death during that year is probable.

Servatus Lupus was one of the great scholars of the ninth century. But he gained knowledge under great difficulties, for the stress of circumstances drove him out of the seclusion he loved, and forced him to appear as a soldier, although he knew not how to fight, to write begging letters instead of pursuing his studies, and even to suffer imprisonment. Yet the love of learning which manifested itself in his childhood and increased with his years, notwithstanding the poor educational arrange

1 Epist. 71, Migne, CXIX. col. 533.

It appears as Epist. 100 in Migne, ibid. col. 575.