being taxed to the utmost to meet the demands of the hour. The bone and sinew of the State, the flower of its population, were in the trenches before Petersburg, with Thomas in his struggle in the Southwest, with Sherman on his grand "march to the sea," or sleeping beneath the bloody sod of a thousand battle-fields, or languishing in the dark, dismal, and pestilential prisons of the Southern Confederacy. Thousands of widows and orphans were at home, demanding the care which a grateful people could not withhold. The sick and wounded soldiers were in every hospital, the heroic dead in every cemetery. The treasury, State and national, was being rapidly depleted. Every city, village, ward, and township had taxed itself to the utmost to meet the demands of patriotism. The war was not yet ended, and the nation demanded of Michigan ten thousand more of her sons. Truly it required a strong heart and a steady hand to enable the new executive to meet the demands of the hour, and preserve to the State the brilliant and unsullied record she had made during the administration of her great War Governor. How well Governor Crapo performed the task, every citizen of Michigan can testify.

Happily, however, but little of the war record of Michigan

burg, Scotland, whose writings had given him so much pleasure and profit. He also visited Paris, and returning to London, he received a prize medal from the jurors on astronomical instruments, and the following certificate from Prince Albert.

"I hereby certify that her majesty's commissioners, upon the award of the jurors, have presented a prize medal to Wm. A. Burt, for a Solar Compass and surveying instrument shown the exhibition.

ALBERT,

President of the Royal Commission.

Hyde Park, London, October 15, 1851." Returning home in the fall of 1852, he was elected a member of the legislature, and among the duties discharged by him was that of chairman of the committee on St. Mary's Falls ship canal, of the session of 1852-3. To him, it is confidently believed, may be attributed the success of favorable legislation and for the speedy construction of that work, so important to the State and country.

During the summer of 1855, Mr. Burt compiled a manual, which he published, and which he entitled "A Key to the Solar Compass and Surveyor's Companion."

remains to be told. The beginning of the year 1865, as has been seen, found the State with a draft impending for more than ten thousand men. On the first of January the Eleventh Regiment of Infantry was being recruited. The organization of the Thirtieth, designed for duty on the Detroit and St. Clair rivers, was completed on the ninth, and at once assigned to duty. On the fourth of March four companies of the Eleventh left for Nashville, and on the eighteenth, the remaining six companies followed, under command of Colonel P. H. Keegan. The whole force consisted of 898 officers and men. On the fourth of February the Legislature offered $150, State bounty, and authorized townships to pay $100. These bounties continued to be paid until the fourteenth of April, when recruiting ceased within the State.

The war had now drawn to a close. On the ninth of April General Lee surrendered his army to General Grant. The surrender of Johnston to Sherman soon followed.

Previous to this, and subsequent to November 1st, 1864, there had been raised in the State 9,382 recruits. Of these, 7,547 voluntarily enlisted in the army, 53 in the navy, and 1,782 were drafted. The Adjutant-General's report shows that the total

In 1856, he obtained letters patent in the United States, England, France and Belgium, for the Equatorial Sextant. This instrument had cost him more brain labor than the solar compass, and is of ingenious construction and of much promise to the navy and mercantile marine, its powers being ascertained by Lieutenant Maury, as follows:

"The Equatorial Sextant being manipulated properly, it will show without computation, but by a simple reading off, the latitude, hour, angle, and azimuth, and this at any time of day, thus giving the position of a ship at sea at once, with the use of a chronometer."

Unfortunately for the interest of commerce and the commercial world, the inventor was not permitted to perfect the instrument. He died of heart disease, August 18, 1858, at his home in Detroit. Surrounded by his family, he passed peaceably away, and was buried at the family grounds at Mt. Vernon, near his first home in Michigan.

Mr. Burt was a Christian man, and led a Christian life. The religion he professed he practiced. There was nothing spasmodic about it. It was of practical moment to him and influenced his life all through. He was one of the early founders of the Baptist church at Mt. Vernon, and always a liberal contributor to its various objects, and throughout life &

number of men furnished by Michigan, from the beginning of the war to its close, was ninety thousand seven hundred and fortyThe sum paid into the Treasury of the United States by drafted citizens of Michigan as commutation money was five hundred and ninety-four thousand six hundred dollars.

seven.

The task of the soldiers of Michigan was now ended. How nobly they had performed their duty, every one knows; and the pages of history will tell the story of their patriotism and heroic deeds to thousands of generations yet unborn.

On the fourth day of June, 1865, the Twentieth Regiment returned home. Others followed in succession, but it was not till the tenth of June, 1866, that the last regiment arrived in the State. The Third and Fourth Infantry were the last to leave the field.

On the fourteenth of June, 1865, Governor Crapo issued a proclamation of thanks to the Michigan troops. After speaking of the untold toils and hardships they had endured, of their bravery and patriotism, their honorable scars, and their heroic dead, he closed as follows:

"In the name of the people of Michigan, I thank you for the consistent member. His life was one of constant activity. He possessed a strong, compact frame, capable of enduring great fatigue, which many times was put to the utmost test in his great labors in the wilderness. His perceptions were quick and elastic, and his judgment was seldom if ever at fault. Without the education of the schools, he possessed that practical education which was the result of a lifetime of earnest thought and labor, and he was recognized among scholars as a teacher in all that pertained to science. It was only by labor—persistent and determined labor -that he had accomplished so much. Working his way up by toil and through privation, striving for a livelihood by day and laboring in the interests of science by night, he has given to the world a valuable invention, and to himself an immortal name. A pioneer in the State of Michigan, he had lived to see it one of the first in the nation, a result to which he had largely contributed, and the people of the Peninsular State will ever have a warm place in their hearts for the memory of William A. Burt.

Mr. Burt had five sons, viz: John, Alvin, Austin, Wells and William, all but one of whom (Alvin) are now living, and were for many years his associates in the surveys of the public lands.

honor you have done us by your valor, your soldierly bearing, your invincible courage everywhere displayed, whether upon the field of battle, in the perilous assault, or in the deadly breach; for your patience under the fatigues and privations and sufferings

HORACE R. GARDNER.

HORACE R. GARDNER was born at Auburn, New York, March 25, 1827. Ten years later he removed from Onondaga county, with his father, John G. Gardner, to Hillsdale county, Michigan, and was engaged with him in the manufacture of lumber and flour, and in farming, until the year 1857, when he became interested in the Jonesville Woolen Mills. In 1859, he became associated with Ransom Gardner, under the firm name of H. R. Gardner & Co., and greatly increased the capacity of the factory, soon making it one of the most extensive of its kind in the West. The factory was destroyed by fire on the 2d of January, 1866, but was rebuilt and greatly enlarged the same year, and manufacturing resumed within nine months after the fire.