The principal lumber region, thus far developed, is the valley of the Saginaw river, and along its tributary streams, extending to the upper Muskegon, and thence to Lake Michigan. The region around Thunder Bay also contains a large area of pine

RESIDENCE OF JAMES NALL, JR.

passed into the hands of Mr. Nall, who is still conducting it, but on a much larger scale, and with the same characteristic success.

In the early part of 1872 Mr. Nall began the erection of a residence on Jefferson avenue, opposite Christ's church, Detroit, of which the above engraving is a representation. It is now completed and is recognized as one of the handsomest, in point of exterior adornments, in the city. It is located on large and pleasant grounds which have an extended frontage on Jefferson avenue and Larned street. The interior of the residence has been arranged with great care, and the whole constitutes a very fashionable and commodious dwelling.

timber, and the Au Sable and the Manistee rivers penetrate an immense pine region. On all these streams lumbering operations are extensively carried on, but the principal sources of supply are at present the Saginaw valley on the east, and on the Muskegon river on the west.

Before railroads penetrated the pine forests of the interior, lumbering operations were confined almost exclusively to the immediate vicinity of streams. The logs were cut in the winter, and hauled on the snow to the streams, and floated to the mills on the current formed by the spring freshets. With the advent of railroads, immense tracts of valuable pine, heretofore inaccessible, have been brought into the market. Mills spring up along the tracks of the railroads as they are laid through the forests, flourishing villages appear as if by magic, the forests are cleared and brought under cultivation, thus giving employment to thousands of men, homes and productive farms to the hardy pioneers, and abundant and remunerative employment to the railroads in transporting lumber and supplies. The principal roads that have thus penetrated the pine forests of the interior are the Jackson, Lansing and Saginaw, the Flint and Pere Marquette, and Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroads.

It is estimated that there are about 7,000,000 acres of pine iands in the Lower Peninsula that are yet untouched. It is true that some of this is interspersed with hard wood timber; but that is compensated for by the fact that the pine is of better quality and the lands better adapted to the purposes of agriculture than those covered exclusively with pine. In the Upper Peninsula it is estimated that there are at least 10,000,000 acres of pine as yet untouched, which will produce, probably, 7,000,000,000 feet of lumber.

It may be well in this connection to correct a mistake that prevails to a great extent in reference to the adaptation of pine lands to the purposes of agriculture. No better farming lands exist than those which have produced a mixed growth of pine and hard wood timber; and even the land that has been covered exclusively with pine is very rich and productive under proper care and management.

The quality of Michigan pine is unsurpassed for the purposes of lumber. It is principally white pine, of which there are several varieties. Norway pine grows abundantly in some localities, but the proportion is small compared with the more valuable

JAMES W. FRISBIE was born in New York State, in 1828. In 1857 he visited Detroit, and immediately commenced the dry goods business, locating at No. 167 Jefferson avenue, one door from the corner of Woodward avenue. His business increased rapidly, and in a few years his establishment included No. 53 Woodward avenue, connecting in the rear with his original store on Jefferson avenue. Following these strides of success came a still further extension, which included the store No. 55 on the former thoroughfare.

It should be stated that at that date Detroit had little more than

white pines. On the best pine lands the quantity of hard wood often exceeds that of pine. In many parts of the State walnut and cherry grow in abundance, and are largely used by the furni ture makers of the State and of the East. Oak grows abundantly in many localities, and the trade in that timber for ship-building purposes is of late years assuming magnificent proportions. Aside from that used in the ship-yards along our own shores, vast quantities are annually shipped to Montreal, Quebec, Buffalo and Cleveland. In the interior, where the heavy ship-timber cannot be transported to the streams, the oak is manufactured into staves which are shipped mainly to Europe and the West Indies.

It may be proper in this connection to correct an erroneous impression that has gone abroad, backed by apparently high authority, in reference to the variety of oak timber that is shipped from this State for purposes of ship-building. Reference is had to the popular belief that the variety known as "live oak" grows abundantly in the forests of Michigan. The fact is live oak does not grow in this State at all. That variety is only found in the Southern States, and is known to botanists as Quercus virens. The variety which forms the bulk of the shipments from Michigan is

awakened from what journalism denominates "ancestral lethargy." The highways of commerce had just opened their gateways of trade, and the great City of the Straits of the present day was coinmercially an infant. In the light of these facts, it is a difficult matter to properly estimate the value of such effort and innovation as were put forth by Mr. Frisbie during the first six years of his business life in Detroit. In remodeling and modernizing the stores occupied by him at the corner of Woodward and Jefferson avenues, he introduced the first plate glass windows in this city, which at that time, reaching from the pavement to the ceiling, created wonder and admiration. These early improvements had a most salutary influence in producing in rapid succession the many splendid features of modern Detroit

When the collection of stores occupied by Mr. Frisbie on Jefferson and Woodward avenues became too narrow for his continually expanding business, he removed to the extensive Weber block, further up Woodward avenue, which he still occupies. In this new and elegant building he opened to the public one of the finest retail dry goods houses in the Northwest.

Quereus alba, popularly known as white oak. It is highly esteemed for ship-building, and is only exceeded in value for that purpose by the live oak of the South.

The following will serve to give some idea of the magnitude of the lumber and timber trade of Michigan:

In the year 1872 the aggregate of pine lumber cut by the mills of the State was 2,253,011,000 feet. Of this amount, the mills of the Saginaw valley out 837,798,484 feet. The Muskegon Lake mills cut 316,031,400 feet; the Huron shore mills 175,500,000; Manistee mills, 161,900,000; Grand Haven mills, 150,000,000; Menominee mills, 136,113,360; Flint and Pere Marquette Railway mills, 114,234,554; White Lake mills, 85,302,347; Detroit and St. Clair River mills, 80,000,000; Jackson, Lansing and Saginaw Railway mills, 68,216,009; Saugatuck mills, 50,000,000; Ludington mills, 47,912,846; other mills, 30,000,000.

Of shingles it is estimated that not less than 400,000,000 were produced the same year. Of lath about 300,000,000.

The shipments of staves for the same year were as follows: Saginaw river, 8,663,200; Detroit, 2,102,000; Port Huron, 1,536,900; Lexington, 204,000; New Baltimore, 184,000.

About $20,000,000 are invested in the production of pine lumber, giving employment to nearly twenty thousand persons. This estimate does not include the enormous amount of money invested in pine lands, nor the men employed in the transportation of the lumber to market, or those employed in the lumber camps in the woods.

In addition to the pine timber of the State, as before intimated, the hard wood forests are immense and valuable. These, especially in the northern portion of the Lower Peninsula, have scarcely been touched. The quality of that kind of timber in the forests of Michigan is unrivaled; and it is safe to predict that but a few years will elapse before the product from this source will equal in value the present traffic in pine.