PERONNE, a strong town of France, in the de- Peronne partment of Somme. It is said never to have been #1 taken, though often besieged. It is seated on the Perquis te Somme. E. Long. 3. 1. N. Lat. 44. 50. Population 3700 in 1800.

Perizzites the river Jordan, in the mountains, and in the plains. In several places of Scripture the Canaanites and PerizPerones., zites are mentioned as the two chief people of the country. It is said, for example, that in the time of Abraham and Lot the Canaanite and Perizzite were in the land (Gen. xiii. 7.). The Israelites of the tribe of Ephraim complained to Joshua that they were too much pent up in their possession (Josh. xvii. 15.): he bid them go, if they pleased, into the mountains of the Perizzites, and Rephaims or giants, and there clearing the land, to cultivate and inhabit it. Solomon subdued the remains of the Canaanites and Perizzites which the children of Israel had not rooted out, and made them tributary to him (1 Kings ix. 20, 21. and 2 Chr. viii. 7.). There is still mention made of the Perizzites in the time of Ezra (ix. 1.), after the return from the captivity of Babylon; and several Israelites had married wives from that nation.

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PERKIN, a beverage prepared from pears. See CYSee CYDERKIN, under AGRICULTURE, No 656.

PERMEABLE, a term applied to bodies of so loose a texture as to let something pass through them.

PERMSKI, or PERMIA, a town of the Russian empire, and capital of a province of the same name, seated on the river Kama between the Dwina and the Oby; E. Long. 55. 50. N. Lat. 57. 10.

PERMUTATION, in commerce, the same with bartering. In the canon-law, permutation denotes the actual exchange of one benefice for another.

PERNAMBUCO, a province of Brazil, in South America, bounded on the north and east by the ocean, on the south by Bahia, and on the west by Piara. It is about 300 miles in length and as much in breadth. . The Dutch became masters of it in 1630, but the Portuguese soon after retook it. It produces a great quantity of sugar, cotton, and Brazil wood. An insurrection broke out in this province on the 7th April 1817. The Portuguese authorities were driven out, and a republican constitution proclaimed; but in the following mouth the revolutionists were subdued.

PERNIO, a kibe or chilblain, is a little ulcer, occasioned by cold, in the hands, feet, heels, nose, and lips. It will come on when warm parts are too suddenly exposed to cold, or when parts from being too cold are suddenly exposed to a considerable warmth; and has always a tendency to gangrene, in which it frequently terminates. It most commonly attacks children of a sanguine habit and delicate constitution; and may be prevented or removed by such remedies as invigorate the system, and are capable of removing any tendency to gangrene in the constitution.

PERONÆUS, in Anatomy, is an epithet applied to some of the muscles of the perone or fibula. See ANATOMY, Table of the Muscles.

PERONES, a sort of high shoes which were worn not only by country people, but by men of ordinary rank at Rome. In the early times of the commonwealth they were worn even by senators; but at last they were disused by persons of figure, and confined to ploughmen and labourers. They were very rudely formed, consisting only of hides undressed, and reaching to the middle of the leg. Virgil mentions the peArones as worn by a company of rustic soldiers on one foot only.

PERORATION, in Rhetoric, the epilogue or last part of an oration, wherein what the orator had insisted on through his whole discourse is urged afresh with greater vehemence and passion. The peroration consists of two parts. 1. Recapitulation; wherein the substance of what was diffused throughout the whole speech is collected briefly and cursorily, and summed up with new force and weight. 2. The moving the passions; which is so peculiar to the peroration, that the masters of the art call this part sedes affectuum. The passions to be raised are various, according to the various kinds of oration. In a panegyric, love, admiration, emulation, joy, &c. In an invective, hatred, contempt, &c. contempt, &c. In a deliberation, hope, confidence, or fear. The qualities required in the peroration are, that it be very vehement and passionate, and that it be short; because, as Cicero observes, tears soon dry up. These qualities were well observed by Cicero, who never had an equal in the management of this part of an orator's province; for peroration was his master-piece. Concerning peroration (says Dr Blair), it need less to say much, because it must vary so considerably, according to the strain of the preceding discourse. Sometimes the whole pathetic part comes in most properly at the peroration. Sometimes, when the discourse has been entirely argumentative, it is fit to conclude with summing up the arguments, placing them in one view, and leaving the impression of them full and strong on the mind of the audience. For the great rule of a conclusion, and what nature obviously suggests, is, to place that last on which we choose that the strength of our case should rest.

"In all discourses, it is a matter of importance to hit the precise time of concluding, so as to bring our discourse just to a point; neither ending abruptly and unexpectedly, nor disappointing the expectation of the hearers when they look for the close, and continuing to hover round and round the conclusion till they become heartily tired of us. We should endeavour to get off with a good grace; not to end with a languishing and drawling sentence, but to close with dignity and spirit, that we may leave the minds of the hearers warm, and dismiss them with a favourable impression of the subject and of the speaker."

PEROTIS, a genus of plants belonging to the triandria class, and in the natural method ranking under the 4th order, Gramina. See BOTANY Index.

PERPENDICULAR, in Geometry, a line falling directly on another line, so as to make equal angles on each side. See GEOMETRY.

PERPETUAL, something that endures always, or lasts for ever.

PERPETUAL Motion. See MOVEMENT.

PERPIGNAN, a considerable town of Rousillon, in France, with a strong citadel, an university, and a bishop's see. It is seated on the river Tet; over which there is a handsome bridge. E. Long. o. 43. N. Lat. 45. 18.

PERQUISITE, in a general sense, something gained by a place over and above settled wages.

PERQUISITE,

Perquisite

PERQUISITE, in Law, is any thing gotten by a man's own industry, or purchased with his money; in contradistinction to what descends to him from his father or other ancestor.

PERRAULT, CLAUDE, the son of an advocate in parliament, was born at Paris in 1613; and was bred a physician, though he never practised but among his relations, friends, and the poor. He discovered early a particular taste for the sciences and fine arts; of which he acquired a consummate knowledge without the assistance of a master: he excelled in architecture, painting, sculpture, mathematics, physics, and all those arts that relate to designing and mechanics. The entrance into the Louvre, which was designed by him, is, according to the judgment of Voltaire, one of the most august monuments of architecture in the world. M. Colbert put him upon translating Vitruvius into French; which he performed, and published it in 1673, folio, with figures from his own drawings; which are said to have been more exactly finished than the plates themselves. When the academy of sciences was established, he was one of its first members, and was chiefly depended on for mechanics and natural philosophy. His works are, Memoires pour servir à l'Histoire naturelle des Animaux, folio, 1676, with figures; Essais de Physique, 4 vols. 12mo, 1688; Recueil des plusieurs machines de nouvelle invention, 4to, 1700, &c. He died in 1 688.

PERRAULT, Charles, the brother of Claude, was born at Paris in 1626, with as great a genius for arts, and a greater for letters, than his brother. Colbert chose him first clerk of the buildings, of which he was superintendant, and afterward made him comptroller general of the finances under him. He was one of the first members of the academy of the belles lettres and inscriptions, and was received into the French academy in 1671. His poem, La Peinture, printed in 1688, was universally admired: that entitled La siecle de Louis le Grand, in which he exalted the modern authors above the ancient, was a prelude to a war with all the learned. After he had disengaged himself from this contest, he applied himself to draw up eulogies of several great men of the 17th century, with their portraits, of which he has collected 102.

There are other esteemed works

of Perrault.-Besides these there were two other brothers, Peter and Nicholas, who made themselves known in the literary world.

PERRON, JAMES DAVY DU, a cardinal, distinguished by his abilities and learning, was born in the canton of Bern in 1556. He was educated by Julian Davy, his father, a learned Calvinist, who taught him Latin and the mathematics; after which, he by himself became acquainted with the Greek and Hebrew, philosophy, and the poets. Philip Desportes, abbot of Tyron, made him known to Henry III. king of France, who conceived a great esteem for him. Some time after, Du Perron abjured Calvinism, and afterwards embraced the ecclesiastical function; and having given great proofs of his wit and learning, he was chosen to pronounce the funeral oration of Mary queen of Scots. After the murder of Henry III. he retired to the house of Cardinal de Bourbon, and took great pains in bring ing back the Protestants to the church of Rome. Among others he gained over Henry Spondanus, afterwards bishop of Pamiers. He also chiefly contributed

to engage Henry IV. to change his religion; and that prince sent him to negociate his reconciliation to the holy see, to which he succeeded. Du Perron was consecrated bishop of Evreaux while he resided at Rome. On his return to France, he wrote, preached, and disputed against the reformed; particularly against Du Plessis Mornay, with whom he had a public conference in the presence of the king at Fountainbleau. He was made cardinal in 1604 by Pope Clement VIII. at the solicitation of Henry IV. who afterwards nominated him to the archbishopric of Sens. The king at length sent him to Rome with Cardinal Joyeuse, in order to terminate the disputes which had arisen between Paul V. and the Venetians. It is said that this pope had such a high opinion of the address of the cardinal Du Perron, that he used to say, "Let us pray to God to inspire the cardinal Du Perron, for he will persuade us to do whatever he pleases." After the death of Henry IV. he retired into the country, where he put the last hand to his work; and, setting up a printing-house, corrected every sheet himself. He died at Paris in 1618. His works were collected after his death, and published at Paris in 3 vols. folio.

PERROT, NICHOLAS, Sieur d'Ablancourt, one of the first geniuses of his age, was born at Chalons in 1606. After studying philosophy about three years, he was sent to Paris to follow the law. At eighteen years of age he was admitted advocate of parliament, and frequented the bar; but he soon conceived a distaste for it, and therefore discontinued his practice. This displeased an uncle, but whose favour he recovered by quitting the Protestant religion. He could not, however, be prevailed upon to take orders in the Romish church; and some years after, he had a desire to return to the religion he had abjured. But, that he might not do any thing rashly, he resolved to study philosophy and divinity. For that purpose he chose for his master Mr Stuart a Scotsman and Lutheran, a man of great learning. Almost three years he spent in the most assiduous study; and then set out from Paris to Champagne, where he abjured the Ro-> man Catholic, and once more embraced the Protestant religion. In 1637 he was admitted a member of the French academy; a little after which he undertook a translation of Tacitus. Whilst he was engaged in that laborious task, he retired to his small estate of Ablan-court, and lived there till his death in 1664. He was a man of fine understanding, of great piety and integrity, and of universal learning. Moreri has given a catalogue of his works, the greatest part of which consist of translations, which seemed rather originals.

PERRUKE, PERUKE, or Periwig, was anciently a name for a long head of natural hair; such, particularly, as there was care taken in the adjusting and trim-ming of. Menage derives the word rather fancifully from the Latin, pilus, "hair." It is derived, according to this critic, thus, pilus, pelus, pelutus, peluticus, pelutica, perutica, peruca, perruque. The Latins called it coma; whence part of Gaul took the denomination of Gallia Comata, from the long hair which the inhabitants wore as a sign of freedom. An ancient author says, that Absalom's perruke weighed 200 shekels.

The word is now used for a set of false hair, curled, buckled, and sewed together on a frame or cawl; an

ciently

at Bombay a round tower, covered with planks of wood, Persees, on which the Persees lay out their dead bodies. When Persepolis. the flesh is devoured, they remove the bones into two chambers at the bottom of the tower.

"The Persees, followers of the religion of Zerdust or Zoroaster, adore one God only, eternal and almighty. They pay, however, a certain worship to the sun, the moon, the stars, and to fire, as visible images of the invisible divinity. Their veneration for the element of fire induces them to keep a sacred fire constantly burning, which they feed with odoriferous wood, both in the temples, and in the houses of private persons who are in easy circumstances. In one of their temples at Bombay, I saw a fire which had burnt unextinguished for two centuries. They never blow out a light, lest their breath should soil the purity of the fire. See POLYTHEISM.

Perseen- set fire to the city of Rome, threw the odium of that extion, ecrable action on the Christians, who under that prePersees. tence were wrapped up in the skins of wild beasts, and worried and devoured by dogs; others were crucified, and others burnt alive. The second was under Domitian, in the year 95. In this persecution St John the apostle was sent to the isle of Patmos, in order to be employed in digging in the mines. The third began in the third year of Trajan, in the year 100, and was carried on with great violence for several years. The fourth was under Antoninus the philosopher, when the Christians were banished from their houses, forbidden to show their heads, reproached, beaten, hurried from place to place, plundered, imprisoned, and stoned. The fifth began in the year 197, under the emperor Severus. The sixth began with the reign of the emperor Maximinus in 235. The seventh, which was the most dreadful persecution that had ever been known in the church, began in the year 250, in the reign of the emperor Decius, when the Christians were in all places driven from their habitations, stripped of their estates, tormented with racks, &c. The eighth began in the year 257, in the fourth year of the reign of the emperor Valerian. The ninth was under the emperor Aurelian, A. D. 284; but this was very inconsiderable and the tenth began in the 19th year of Dioclesian, A. D. 303. In this dreadful persecution, which lasted ten years, houses filled with Christians were set on fire, and whole droves were tied together with ropes and thrown into the sea. See TOLERATION.

PERSEES, the descendants of a colony of ancient Persians, who took refuge at Bombay, Surat, and in the vicinity of those cities, when their own country was conquered 1100 years ago by the Mahometan Arabs. They are a gentle, quiet, and industrious people, loved by the Hindoos, and living in great harimony among themselves. The consequence is, that they multiply exceedingly, whilst their countrymen in the province of Keman are visibly diminishing under the yoke of the Mahometan Persians. Of the manners and customs of this amiable race, we have the following account in Heron's elegant translation of Niebuhr's Travels.

"The Persees (says he) make common contributions for the aid of their poor, and suffer none of their number to ask alms from people of a different religion. They are equally ready to employ their money and credit to screen a brother of their fraternity from the abuses of justice. When a Persee behaves ill, he is expelled from their communion. They apply to trade, and exercise all sorts of professions.

"The Persees have as little knowledge of circumcision as the Hindoos. Among them, a man marries only one wife, nor ever takes a second, unless when the first happens to be barren. They give their children in marriage at six years of age; but the young couple continue to live separate, in the houses of their parents, till they attain the age of puberty. Their dress is the same as that of the Hindoos, except that they wear under each ear a tuft of hair, like the modern Persians. They are much addicted to astrology, although very little skilled in astronomy.

"They retain the singular custom of exposing their dead to be eaten by birds of prey, instead of interring or burning them. I saw (continues our author) on a hill VOL. XVI. Part I.

"The religion of the Persees enjoins purifications as strictly strictly as that of the Hindoos. The disciples of Zerdust are not, however, obliged to abstain from animal food. They have accustomed themselves to refrain from the flesh of the ox, because their ancestors promised the Indian prince who received them into his dominions never to kill horned cattle. This promise they continue to observe under the dominion of Christians and Mahometans. The horse is by them considered as the most impure of all animals, and regarded with extreme aversion.

"Their festivals, denominated Ghumbars, which return frequently, and last upon each occasion five days, are all commemorations of some part of the work of creation. They celebrate them not with splendour, or, with any particular ceremonies, but only dress better during those five days, perform some acts of devotion in their houses, and visit their friends."

The Persees were till lately but very little known : the ancients speak of them but seldom, and what they say seems to be dictated by prejudice, On this account Dr Hyde, who thought the subject both curious and interesting, about the end of the 17th century attempted a deeper investigation of a subject which till then had been but very little attended to. He applied to the works of Arabian and Persian authors, from whom, and from the relations of travellers, together with a variety of letters from persons in India, he compiled his celebrated work on the religion of the Persees. Other ac、 counts have been given by different men, as accident put information in their way. But the most distinguished is by M. Anquetil du Perron, who undertook a voyage to discover and translate the works attributed to Zoroaster. Of this voyage he drew up an account himself, and read it before the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris in May 1761. A translation of it was made and published in the Gentleman's Magazine for 1762, to which we refer our readers. The account begins at page 373, and is concluded at page 614. Remarks were afterwards made on Du Perron's account by a Mr Yates. See the same Magazine for 1766, P. 529.

PERSEPOLIS, formerly the capital of Persia, situated in N. Lat. 30. 30. E. Long. 84. o. now in ruins, but remarkable for the most magnificent remains of a palace or temple that are to be found throughout the world. This city stood in one of the finest plains in Persia, being 18 or 19 leagues in length, and in some

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CCCCIX.