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duties of citizenship, but the intelligent efficiency in business careers. Bookkeeping was from the start a part of its curriculum. We are glad to know that this school has prospered, and that at the present time it is offering not merely bookkeeping, but courses in advanced accounting.

During the last ten years the example set by the Wharton School has been followed by a dozen or more of our higher institutions of learning, so that at the present time university courses in business are within the reach of every young man in the country.

It has seemed to us best not to attempt a description of all the work done in the business departments of our universities, but to confine ourselves strictly to the subject of accounting, in order that the members of the American Association may know what schools are paying especial attention to this subject. We have been in correspondence with the officials of most of the universities and colleges in the country, and have carefully examined the catalogues, which, in response to our request, have been mailed to us. We do not feel certain, however, that we have thoroughly canvassed the field, and would be glad to have our attention called to work done in any institution which we have overlooked.

We find that courses in accounting are given at the present time in the following institutions:

University of Pennsylvania.

New York University.

Tuck School at Dartmouth College.

University of Wisconsin.

University of Illinois.

University of California.

University of Michigan.

University of Vermont.

University of Chicago.
Harvard University.
University of Kansas.

Olivet College.

Cincinnati College of Finance, Commerce and Accounts.

Not all of these institutions have professors of accounting in their faculties, for in many of them the instruction in that subject is given by instructors whose specialties are in other fields. We find, however, that in the following universities the subject of accountancy is recognized in the titles borne by the professors in charge: The University of Pennsylvania, New York University, University of California, Cincinnati College of Finance, Commerce and Accounts.

In the University of Wisconsin the subject of Accountancy is merged with that of Business Administration, the latter being the titular designation of the instructors in charge of the courses.

We give below a summary of the work done in each of the institutions we have named:

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.

This university gives instruction in accounting in two of its schools; namely, the Wharton School of Commerce and Finance, and the Evening

School of Accounts and Finance. The Wharton School is a day school and has a four-year curriculum, the purpose being to have the quality of the work done in this school on a par with that done in the College of Arts and Science. All Freshmen are required to give three hours a week to the study of accounting. This course is necessarily elementary in character. In the Junior year a three-hour course in Advanced Accounting is offered as an elective, also a three-hour course in Corporation Finance, a subject closely related to that of accountancy. Sophomores are required to take a two-hour course in Business Law.

The Evening School of the University of Pennsylvania is maintained for the benefit of men employed during the day, as well as for the benefit of those who desire to pursue the subject of accountancy further than is possible in the Wharton School. The courses given in the Evening School aim to prepare students for the C.P.A. examinations, in the State of Pennsylvania. The following courses in Accountancy and related subjects are offered:

First Year.

Theory and Practice of Accounting, two hours a week.
Commercial Law, two hours a week.

Industrial Costs and Standards, two hours a week.

Second and Third Years.

Theory and Practice of Accounting, two hours a week-being a continuation of the course given in the Freshman year.

Cost Systems and Business Organization, two hours a week.
Industrial Management, two hours a week.
Corporation Finance, two hours a week.

Commercial Law, two hours a week.

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF COMMERCE, ACCOUNTS AND FINANCE. This school illustrates the power of a body of professional men to influence the country's educational policy, for it was founded in 1900 as a result of representations made to the university authorities by the New York Society of Certified Public Accountants.

It maintains both day and evening courses. The day school offers only one course in accounting, two hours a week for one year. The Evening School offers the following courses in accountancy and related subjects:

Theory and Practice of Accounts-Two hours a week for three years. In this course the emphasis is laid upon the practical work, theory being developed incidentally.

Philosophy of Accounts-Two hours for one semester.

Cost Accounts and Systems-Two hours a week for one semester. Theory and Practice of Auditing-Two hours a week for one year. Investment Accounts-Two hours a week, one semester.

Accounts of Executors and Trustees-Two hours, one semester.

Railway Accounting-Two hours, one year.

Accountants' Reports-Two hours, one semester.

Commercial Law Two hours a week for three years.

Corporation Finance-Two hours a week, one year.
Analysis of Corporation Reports-Two hours, one semester.

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN.

Course in Commerce-In this department of the University, under the directorship of Prof. W. A. Scott, the subject of Accountancy, although merged under Business Administration, is receiving generous treatment. Students specializing in accounts have open to them the following courses: Business Administration (which includes Accountancy)-Three hours a week for two years. Students are required to do practical work in connection with the auditing department of the University.

Cost Accounts and Systems for Manufacturing Industries-Two hours a week, one year.

Financial Institutions-Two hours a week, one year. includes the accounting practices of financial institutions.

Corporation Finance and Securities-Two hours, one year.
Commercial Law-Three hours, one year.

This course

In the catalogue of the University of Wisconsin we note that the Professor of Sociology offers a seminar course on "Modern Sin," which is described as "A study of the nature, extent, varieties and effects of contemporary wrongdoing, especially in politics and business." It is quite possible that accountancy figures in this course as a search light.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.

This institution, in its "Courses of Training for Business," offers the following courses of special interest to the accountant:

Corporation Accounting-Three hours a week, one semester. Students are required to analyze the reports of railway, banking and industrial corporations.

Auditing-Three hours a week, one semester.

Corporation Management and Finance-Three hours, one semester. Commercial Law-Three hours, one year.

DARTMOUTH COLLEGE.

Amos Tuck School of Administration and Finance-The Tuck school is primarily a school for graduate students. It offers the following courses in Accounting and Commercial Law:

Theory and Practice of Accounts-A first year course covering trading, manufacturing and corporate accounts. Four hours a week, one year.

Advanced Accounting and Auditing-Practice and analysis. A second year course.

Special Studies in Accounting-A group of courses covering cost accounts, investment accounts, railroad accounts, and bank accounts.

In the Tuck school a program of special work is prescribed for students who plan to enter upon the practice of accountancy. It is designed to meet the standard requirements set by the examinging board of those

States which prescribe qualifications for the degree of Certified Public Accountant.

Dartmouth College offers a course in bookkeeping for the benefit of students looking toward the law or engineering.

CINNCINNATI COLLEGE OF FINANCE, COMMERCE AND ACCOUNTS.

This institution was founded in 1906, as the result of an educational propaganda among the bank employes and practicing accountants of Cincinnati and the State of Ohio. The school has begun the work of its second year with an increased enrollment. One of the avowed purposes of the school is the preparation of young men for the practice of accounting. It holds sessions on five evenings of the week, one evening being devoted to accountancy, and one to commercial law. While the school has no endowment, it has the support of many of Cincinnati's leading business men, and is destined, we believe, to expand its work and acquire great influence in the educational field.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.

This university, in its College of Commerce, gives accounting a place in its curriculum on a par with such subjects as banking, transportation, insurance and public finance. The instruction is in charge of an associate professor of accounting, Henry Rand Hatfield, Ph. D.

UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO.

In the College of Commerce and Administration two courses are offered in accounting. Each ranks as a major subject, and occupies the student for about three hours a week for one year. The first course is designated "Principles of Accounting;" the second, "Problems of Advanced Accounting." There is a preliminary course in bookkeeping, for which no credit is given.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN.

This institution offers the following courses:

Elements of Accounting-Three hours, one semester.

Theory and Practice of Manufacturing Costs-Two hours, one

semester.

Commercial Law Two hours, one year.

UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT.

In the Department of Commerce and Economics, endowed by Mr. John H. Converse, of Philadelphia, two courses in accounting are offered, one elementary, one advanced; each three hours a week for one year. This department also offers courses in corporation finance and commercial law.

Single courses in accounting are offered at the following institutions:
Harvard University-Three hours a week fotr one year.
University of Kansas-Two hours a week for one term.
Olivet College-Four hours, one semester.

The following table shows in summary the number of hours per week for one year devoted to accountancy by the different higher institutions of learning:

University of Pennsylvania-Wharton School....

Evening School of Finance and Accounts.

New York University-School of Commerce, Accounts and

Finance (evening)

University of Wisconsin

University of Illinois

Amos Tuck School (Dartmouth College).....

Cincinnati College of Finance, Commerce and Accounts

University of California

16

10

3

12

University of Chicago

University of Michigan

University of Vermont
Harvard University
University of Kansas
Olivet College ....

6

3

I

Your committee feel that the showing is a most encouraging one for our profession. The importance of accountancy as a subject of scientific study is recognized by the oldest university in the land, and by many others of first rank. It also has a place in the curriculum of several European universities, including the University of Birmingham in England, and several important institutions in France and Belgium. We cannot too strongly urge upon the members of our association the im portance of co-operation and collaboration with the universities and colleges of their respective localities. The universities which now give instruction in accounting are greatly embarrassed by the difficulty of finding competent and trained teachers. We hope that members of this association will respond generously and heartily to every call from a university for assistance in its accounting department.

JOHN R LOOMIS, Chairman.
H. R. M. Cook,

W. SANDERS DAVIES,

D. W. SPRINGER,

Jos. FRENCH JOHNSON.

The report of the Committee on By-Laws was received and laid over for action by the general meeting, and the following resolution adopted:

Resolved, That it is the sense of the Board that the amendments submitted by the By-Laws Committee have been before the membership of the American Association for the proper legal time.

It was decided that election to honorary membership to the State Societies should not carry with it honorary membership in the American Association.

Respectfully submitted,

E. W. SELLS, President.

THOS. CULLEN ROBERTS, Secretary.

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