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Fate, far, fall, fất; mẻ, mét; pine or pine, pin ; nỗ, nột; oš as in good ; Mediterranean coast, showers are not unfrequent during the winter

season.

Without attempting to give even an outline of the history of this country, the most ancient abode of civilization respecting which we have any distinct and satisfactory information, and which holds so important a place in the history of all the more powerful nations of antiquity, we will merely state, that Egypt was conquered by the Saracens, under the caliphate of Omar, about the year 638; afterwards, in 1517, it fell into the hands of the Turks, to whom it was subject, at least nominally, till the French invasion in 1798. Bonaparte took possession of the country, under the pretence of delivering it from the tyranny of the Memlooks. These constituted a sort of military aristocracy, formidable to their Turkish rulers, and most oppressive towards the common people. After the French were expelled by the English, in 1801, Egypt again came into the possession of the Turks, and again the Memlooks displayed their insubordination, and exercised their tyranny. At last the present pasha, Mehemet Ali, contrived to collect most of the beys, with their principal officers, within the citadel of Cairo, under pretence of an entertainment, where he had them all massacred, in March, 1811. The power of the present ruler, though founded in perfidy and violence, has, on the whole, been exercised with justice and wisdom. That ambition and those abilities which have raised him to the independent sovereignty of Egypt and the neighbouring parts of Asia, have been laudably directed towards the political and intellectual amelioration of his people. He is said to administer impar-. tial justice to all his subjects, without regard to race or religion. He has established regular judicial courts and a good police, has done away with torture and other barbarous punishments, and has promoted instruction, by establishing schools and colleges for the arts and sciences, and for military and naval tactics. He has endeavoured, with some success, to remove the prejudices of his subjects against the arts and learning of Europe, and to introduce the European improvements in manufactures and machinery. The government of Egypt, however, is still absolute, in the strictest sense of the word, though the present pasha has chosen to govern, for the most part, according to forms and regulations which he himself has established. The pop. is estimated at 2,000,000. (P. C.) Cairo is the capital.-Adj. and inhab. EGYPTIAN, e-jip/-shun; (Arab. Mus'-ree.)

EHRENBREITSTEIN, à/-ren-brite/-stine, an important and celebrated fortress of Germany, in the Prussian prov. of the Lower Rhine, situated on the right bank of th Rhine, opposite to Coblentz, on the summit of a rugged and precipitous rock, which rises 772 ft. above the level of the river. At its base stands the little t. of Thal-Ehrenbreitstein (tåål à`-ren-brite/-stine); i. e. the "Ehrenbreitstein of the valley," with a pop. of 2,400. (B.) Ehrenbreitstein is connected with Coblentz, by a bridge of boats, and is usually regarded as one of the suburbs of that city.

EICHSTÄDT, iKel-stêtt, a walled t. of Bavaria, situated on the Alt

ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. mühl. It is said to have been founded in the middle of the eighth century, by St. Willibald, who, in order to erect the cathedral and the adjacent dwellings for his clergy, cleared an area covered with oaks; whence the name of Eichstädt, or Oaktown. Lat. 48° 53′ N., Lon. 11° 10′ E. Pop. 7,000. (B.)

EILENBURG, il-len-bŏŏRG`, a t. of Germany, belonging to Prussia, situated on the Mulde (mŏŏl-deh). Lat. 51° 28′ N., Lon. 12° 37′ E. Pop. 5,000. (B.)

EIMBECK, ime/-bek, a walled t. of Germany, in Hanover. Lat. 51° 48′ N., Lon. 9° 51′ E. Pop. 5,000. (B.)

EISENACH, i'-zẹn-åк, a walled t. of Germany, cap. of a principality of the same name, belonging to the grand-duchy of Saxe-Weimar: it has a gymnasium and several other institutions for education. Lat. 50° 59' N., Lon. 10° 20′ E.

EISENSTADT, 1-zen-stått, (Hung. Kis-Mártony, kish måår-toñ,) a royal free t. of Hungary, about 26 m. S. E. of Vienna, remarkable for the handsome palace of Prince Esterhazy, and for its magnificent botanic garden, one of the finest in the world. Lat. 47° 50' N., Lon. 16° 32′ E. Pop. about 3,000. (B.)

EISLEBEN, ice/-là-ben, a t. of Prussian Saxony, formerly the cap. of the earldom of Mansfeld, situated about 40 m. W. N. W. of Leipsic. Luther was born here, in 1483, and died here, in 1546; but neither his parents nor himself had a permanent residence in this place. Lat. 51° 33' N., Lon. 11° 32′ E. Pop. 7,000. (B.)

EKATARINBURG, Ek-å/-tå-reen-booRg', (Catharine's burg,) an important t. of Russia, in the government of Perm, founded by Peter the Great, in 1723, and named in honour of his consort. It is on the high road from Russia into Siberia. In the neighbourhood of this town are situated a great number of gold mines, which, together with those of the government of Orenburg, yield a greater quantity of this precious metal than the mines of any other country in the known world. (B.) Considerable quantities of platinum are also found in these regions. Ekatarinburg is fortified and regularly built, though the houses are mostly of wood; it has several literary and scientific institutions, and a number of handsome stone edifices. Lat. 56° 50′ N., Lon. 60° 48′ E. Pop. about 11,000. (P. C.)

EKATARINOSLAF, êk-å`-tå-reen`-os-låf', an archiepiscopal t. of Russia, cap. of a government of the same name, situated on the right bank of the Dnieper. The first stone was laid by the empress Catharine II., in 1787. Lat. 48° 27' N., Lon. 35° E. Pop. 12,000. (P. C.)

ELATMA, êl-åt/-må, or Yêl-åt/-må, a t. of European Russia, in the government of Tambof, situated on the r. Oka. In its vicinity are extensive iron works. Lat. about 54° 50′ N., Lon. 41° 20. Pop. about 6,000. (P. C.)

EL-BA (the Il/va of the Romans), an i. in the Mediterranean, near the coast of Tuscany, situated between 42° 43′ and 42° 52′ N. Lat., and between 10° 6' and 10° 27' E. Lon. Length about 18 m.; greatest breadth about 10 m. This island is remarkable for having been the

Fate, far, fall, fát; mẻ, mét; pine or pine, pin; nỏ, nôt; řo as in good; residence of Napoleon, after his first abdication, from May, 1814, to February, 1815. Elba belongs to the grand-duchy of Tuscany. The pop. is about 13,500. (P. C.) Porto Ferrajo (fer-ri/-o), on the Ñ. coast, the cap. of the island, is a strongly fortified town, and has about 2,000 inhabitants. (B.) Lat. 42° 49' N., Lon. 10° 20′ E.

ELBE (Ger pron.ell-beh; Anc. Al/bis), a r.of Germany, which rises in the Riesengebirge or Giant Mountains of Bohemia, and, flowing in a general north-westerly direction, falls into the North Sea, in about Lat. 54° N., and Lon. 8° 40′ E. Its whole length is about 710 about 710 m., and it is navigable about 470 m. The average breadth is computed at 900 ft.; near its mouth, however, it is several miles wide.

ELBERFELD, el-ber-felt', the cap. of a circle of the same name, and one of the most flourishing manufacturing and commercial towns in the Prussian dominions, is situated on the Wupper, a tributary of the Rhine, 25 m. N. by E. from Cologne. Among its public institutions, we may mention a gymnasium, a museum, a society of the arts and sciences, &c. Lat. 51° 15′ N., Lon. 7° 10' E. In the middle of the last century, Elberfeld was an insignificant place; at present it contains a pop. of about 24,200. (P. C.)

EL-BERT, a co. in the N. E. part of Ga., bordering on the Savannah r. Pop. 12,959. Co. t. Elberton.

ELBEUF, el-buf', a t. of France, in the dep. of Lower Seine, on the r. Seine. Lat. 49° 17′ N., Lon. 0° 59′ E. Pop. 11,000. (B.)

EL/-BING, a commercial t. of W. Prussia, cap. of a circle of the same name, is situated on the r. Elbing, about 6 m. S. of its entrance into the Frische See, and 32 m. E. S. E. of Dantzic. This town was founded by the Teutonic knights about the year 1229; and in the 14th and 15th centuries it was a member of the Hanseatic league. Lat. 54° 9′ N., Lon. 19° 23′ E. Pop. above 20,000. (B.)

ELCHE, ell-chà, (Anc. Il'ici,) a t. of Valencia, Spain. Lat. 38° 15′ N., Lon. 0° 44' W. Pop. 19,000. (B.)

ÉL-E-PHAN-TA, a small i. on the W. coast of Hindostan, between Bombay and the Mahratta shore, remarkable for a colossal image of an elephant, cut out of the solid rock. This image has been split in two, apparently by means of gunpowder. At some distance from it, a cave has been discovered, which is, in fact, a temple cut out of the rock. At what time, or by whom these works were executed, is not known.

ELG/-IN, a t. of Scotland, cap. of Elginshire, situated near the little r. Lossie, about 5 m. above its influx into the German Ocean. Lat. 57° B9' N., Lon. 3° 22′ W. Pop. 3,911.

ELG-IN-SHIRE OF MORAYSHIRE, a co. in the N. E. part of Scotland, bordering on Moray Frith. Pop. 35,012.

ELISABETGRAD, à-liz`-å-bêt-gråd', or Yel-is`-a-vet-gråd', a t. of European Russia, in the prov. of Kherson, cap. of a circle of the same name, important on account of its fortifications and arsenal. Lat. 48° 30′ N., Lon. 32° 28′ E. Pop. about 12,000. (P.C.)

ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. ELIZABETH CITY, a co. in the E. part of Va., on the Chesapeake Bay, at the mouth of James r. Pop. 4,586. Co. t. Hampton.

ELIZABETH CITY, a port of entry of N. C., cap. of Pasquotank co., on the r. Pasquotank, 20 m. from its mouth.

ELK, a co. in the N. N. W. part of Pa., on the sources of the W. branch of the Susquehanna. Pop. 3,531.

ELK/-HART, a co. in the N. part of Ind., bordering on Michigan. Pop. 12,690. Co. t. Goshen.

ELLS-WORTH, a port of entry of Maine, cap. of Hancock co., on Union r., at the head of tide water, 22 m. in a straight line N. E. of Castine.

EL`-SIN-ORE' or ELSINEUR (Dan. Hel`-sing-öl-er), an important seaport t. of Denmark, in the N. E. part of the island of Zealand, at the narrowest part of the strait between the Cattegat and the Baltic. It is at this place that the Danish government collects certain dues on every vessel passing through the sound. Lat. 56° 2′ N., Lon. 12° 33′ E. Pop. 7,000. (B.)

ÉL/-VAS, a fortified t. of Portugal, in Alentejo, about 11 m. W. of Badajoz, in Spain. Lat. 38° 53′ N., Lon. 6° 57 W. Pop. about 10,000. (B.)

E-Ly, a small t. named the City of Ely, in Cambridgeshire, England, in a fenny district called the Isle of Ely,* 16 m. N. N. E. of Cambridge. E-MAN-U-EL, a co. in the E. part of Ga., bordering on the Ogeechee r. Pop. 4,577. Co. t. Swainsborough.

Èм/-BRUN` or åm`-brun', (Anc. Ebrodu/num,) a fortified t. of France, in the dep. of Upper Alps. Before the French revolution, it was the seat of an archbishopric. Lat. 44° 34' N., Lon. 6° 26' E. Pop. in 1832, 2,392. (P. C.)

EM-DEN OF EMBDEN, a fortified and walled t. of Hanover, a little below the entrance of the Ems into the Dollart, a bay of the German Ocean, and connected with that river by a canal two miles long, called the Delf canal. It is the principal commercial place in Hanover. Among its literary and scientific institutions, may be mentioned a gymnasium and a society of natural history. Lat. 53° 22′ N., Lon. 7° 11' E. Pop. about 12,500. (P. C.)

EMESA. See Hoмs.

EMMERICH, em/-mer-ik, or EMRICH, a walled t. of Germany, belonging to Prussia, on the Rhine. It was formerly in the Hanseatic league, and has recently been declared a free port. Lat. 51° 50′ N., Lon. 6° 15' E. Pop. 5,000. (B.)

EMMET (Tonedagana), a co. at the N. extremity of the southern peninsula of Mich.

EMS, a r. in the N. W. part of Germany, which flows into the Dollart. Its whole length is estimated at 210 m.

* The name island appears to have formerly been applied to any spot elevated above the general level of the fens, in this and other parts of England.

Fate, far, fall, fắt; mẻ, mét ; pine or pine, pin; nở, nôt; on as in good ;

ENGHIEN, ån`-ghe`-ån, a t. of Belgium, in the prov. of Hainault, 22 m. S. W. of Brussels. Pop. near 4,000. (B.)

ENGLAND, ing/-gland, (originally, Engla-land, i. e. the land of the Angles, Aengles, or Engles,) the S. part of the island of Great Britain, situated between 55° 47′ and 49° 57' N. Lat., and between 1° 46′ E. and 5° 42′ W. Long.; bounded on the N. by Scotland, N. E. and E. by the North Sea, S. by the English Channel, and W. by the Atlantic, Wales, and the Irish Channel. Its length, from N. to S., from Berwick to St. Alban's Head, is about 368 m.; its greatest breadth, from Land's End to the most eastern part of Kent, is about 311 m. The area amounts to 50,387 sq. m. The pop., according to the census of 1841, was 14,995,138. England is divided into 40 counties. The capital is London. (See GREAT BRITAIN.)—Adj. ENGLISH, ing/-glish: inhab. ENG-LISH-MẠN.

ENGLISH CHANNEL, the narrow sea which separates England from France. It is above 300 m. long; at its narrowest part, in the strait of Dover, it is only about 20 m. wide; its greatest breadth is near 140 m.

ENKHUIZEN, enk-hoi/-zẹn, a t. of Holland, on the W. shore of the Zuyderzee. Lat. 52° 43' N., Lon. 5° 17′ E. The inhabitants, amounting to 7,000, are engaged, for the most part, in the herring fishery. (B.) EN-NIS-COR-THY, a t. of Ireland, in the co. of Wexford, about 60 m. S. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 5,955. (P. C.)

EN-NIS-KIL-LEN, the cap. of the co. of Fermanagh, in Ireland, situated on an island in the narrow channel which connects the upper and lower lakes of Lough Erne, 89 m. N. N. W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1831, 6,056. P. C.)

ENS, a r. of Austria, which flows into the Danube.

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ENS, THE PROVINCES OF THE, a name sometimes given to the archduchy of Austria. (See AUSTRIA, ARCHDUCHY OF.)

ENTRE DOURO E MINHO, ên/-trà dô-ro (or doo/-ro) à meen'-yo, i. e. "between the Douro and the Minho," a prov. in the N. W. part of Portugal, named from its situation, being bounded on the N. by the Minho, and S. by the Douro; length 73 m.; greatest breadth 46 m. It is sometimes simply called "the province of the Minho."

EPERIES, à-per/-e-ês, (Hung. pron. à-per-e-esh,) a fortified royal free t. of Upper Hungary, cap. of the circle" on this side of the Theiss and of the co. of Sáros (shåå/-rosh`). In its vicinity is a celebrated opal mine. Lat. 48° 58' N., Lon. 21° 15′ E. Pop. 9,000. (B.)

EPERNAY, à`-për-nà, a handsome t. of France, in the dep. of Marne, situated on the r. Marne, 73 m. E. by N. of Paris. The ancient name is said to have been Aqua Perennes, which was first corrupted into Aixperne, and afterwards into Epernay. Pop. in 1832, 5,318. (P. C.) EPHESUS. See AYASOOLOOK.

Erfurt, år/-fõŎrt, a fortified t. of Prussian Saxony, cap. of a circle of the same name, and formerly of Thuringia, situated on the Gera. It has a number of literary and scientific institutions, among which we may mention a Catholic and a Protestant gymnasium, a high-school for girls (höhere Töchterschule), a royal academy of sciences, and a public

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