terms also. The meaning only is this, that these four assertions are notorious, evil spoken of, and yet common and frequent in the mouths of the people.

Lat. I cannot tell how much, nor what men talk of them. I come not so much among them, in that I have been secluded a long time. What men report of them I know not, nor

care not.

This answer taken, the Bishop of Lincoln said:

Lin. Master Latimer, we mean not that these your answers shall be prejudicial to you. To-morrow you shall appear before us again, and then it shall be lawful for you to alter and change what you will. We give you respite till to-morrow, trusting, that after you have pondered well all things against to-morrow, you will not be ashamed to confess the truth.

Lat. Now, my lord, I pray you give me license in three words, to declare the causes why I have refused the authority of the Pope.

Lin. Nay, Master Latimer, to-morrow you shall have license to speak forty words.

Lat. Nay, my lords, I beseech you to do with me now as it shall please your lordships: I pray you, let not me be troubled to-morrow again.

Lin. Yes, Master Latimer, you must needs appear again

to-morrow.

Lat. Truly, my lord, as for my part, I require no respite, for I am at a point. You shall give me respite in vain. Therefore, I pray you, let me not trouble you to-morrow.

Lin. Yes, for we trust God will work with you against to-morrow. There is no remedy, you must needs appear again to-morrow, at eight of the clock, in St. Mary's church. And forthwith the Bishop charged the Mayor with Master Latimer, and dismissed him; and then brake up their session for that day, about one of the clock at afternoon.

The next day following, (which was the first day of October), somewhat after eight of the clock, the said lords repaired to St. Mary's church, and after they were set on a high throne well trimmed with cloth of tissue and silk, then appeared Master Ridley, who was set at a framed table a good space from the Bishop's feet, which table had a silk cloth cast over it, the which place was compassed about with framed seats in quadrate form, partly for gentlemen which repaired thither, (for this was the session day also of gaol delivery) and heads of the university to sit, and partly to keep off the press of the audience: for the whole body, as well of the university as of the town, came thither to see the end of these two persons. After the examination and condemnation of Master Ridley, immediately Master Latimer

was sent for: but in the mean season the carpet or cloth which lay upon the table whereat Master Ridley stood, was removed because (as men reported) M. Latimer had never the degree of a doctor as M. Ridley had. But eftsoons as M. Latimer appeared, as he did the day before, perceiving no cloth upon the table, he laid his hat, which was an old felt, under his elbows, and immediately spake to the commissioners, saying:

Lat. My Lords, I beseech your Lordships to set a better order here at your entrance: for I am an old man, and have a back, so that the press of the multitude doth me much harm.

Lin. I am sorry, Master Latimer, for your hurt. At your departure we will see to better order.

With that, M. Latimer thanked his Lordship, making a very low courtesy. After this, the Bishop of Lincoln began in this manner:

Lin. Master Latimer, although yesterday after we had taken your answers to those articles which we proposed, we might have justly proceeded to judgment against you, especially in that you require the same; yet we having a good hope of your returning, desiring not your destruction, but rather that you would recant, revoke your errors, and turn to the Catholic church, deferred farther process till this day, and now according to the appointment, we have called you here before us, to hear whether you are content to revoke your heretical assertions, and submit yourself to the determination of the church, as we most heartily desire; and I for my part, as I did yesterday, most earnestly do exhort you, or to know whether you persevere still the man that you were, for the which we would be sorry.

It seemed that the Bishop would have farther proceeded, saving that M. Latimer interrupted him, saying,

Lat. Your lordship often doth repeat the Catholic church as though I should deny the same. No, my lord, I confess there is a Catholic church, to the determination of which I will stand, but not the church which you call Catholic, which sooner might be termed diabolic. And whereas you join together the Romish and Catholic church, stay there I pray you. For it is one thing to say Romish church, and another thing to say Catholic church. I must use here in this mine answer the counsel of Cyprianus, who at what time he was ascited before certain Bishops that gave him leave to take deliberation and counsel, to try and examine his opinion, he answereth them thus: "In sticking and persevering in the truth, there must no counsel nor deliberation be taken." And again, being demanded of them sitting in judgement, which was most like to be of the church of Christ, whether he which was persecuted, or they which did persecute? Christ, said he, hath foreshowed that he that doth follow him must take up his cross and follow him. Christ gave knowledge

3

How

that the disciples should have persecution and trouble. think you, then, my lords, is it like that the see of Rome, which hath been a continual persecutor, is rather the church, or that small flock which hath been continually persecuted even to death? Also the flock of Christ hath been but few in comparison to the residue, and ever in subjection: which he proved, beginning at Noah's time even to the Apostles.

Lin. Your cause and St. Cyprian's is not one but clean contrary, for he suffered persecution for Christ's sake and the Gospel: but you are in trouble for your errors and false assertions, contrary to the word of God and the received truth of the Church.

Master Latimer interrupting him said, yes verily, my cause is as good as St. Cyprian's: for his was for the word of God, and so is mine.

But Lincoln goeth forth in his talk.

Lin. Also at the beginning and foundation of the church it could not be but that the Apostles should suffer great persecution. Further, before Christ's coming, continually there were very few which truly served God: but after his coming began the time of grace, then began the church to increase and was continually augmented until it came unto this perfection, and now hath partly that jurisdiction which the unchristian princes before by tyranny did resist. There is a diverse consideration of the estate of the church now in the time of grace and before Christ's coming. But, Master Latimer, though we had instructions given as determinately to take your answer to such articles as we should propose, without any reasoning or disputation, yet we, hoping by talk somewhat to prevail with you, appointed you to appear before us yesterday in the Divinity School, a place for disputations. And whereas then, notwithstanding you had license to say your mind, and were answered to every matter, yet you could not be brought from your errors. We, thinking that from that time ye would, with good advisement, consider your estate, gave you respite from that time yesterday when we dismissed you, until this time, and now have called you again here in this place by your answer to learn whether you are the same man you were then or no? Wherefore, we will propose unto you the same articles which we did then, and require of you a determinate answer without further reasoning; and eftsoons recited the first article.

Lat. Always my protestation saved, that by these mine answers it should not be thought that I did condescend and agree to your Lordship's authority in that you are legated by authority of the Pope; so that hereby I might seem to consent to his jurisdiction. To the first article I answer now as I did yesterday, that in the sacrament the worthy receiver receiveth

the very body of Christ, and drinketh his blood by the spirit and grace. But after a corporal being, which the Romish church prescribeth, Christ's body and blood is not in the sacrament under the forms of bread and wine.

The notaries took his answer to be affirmatively; for the second article he referred himself to his answers made before. After this, the Bishop of Lincoln recited the third article, and required a determinate answer.

Lat. Christ made one oblation and sacrifice for the sins of the whole world, and that a perfect sacrifice, neither needeth there be any other, neither can there be any other propitiatory sacrifice.

The notaries took his answer to be affirmatively.

In like manner did he answer to the other articles, not varying from his answers made the day before.

After his answers were penned of the notaries, and the Bishop of Lincoln had exhorted him in like sort to recant as he did Master Ridley, and revoke his errors and false assertions, and Master Latimer had answered that he ne could ne would deny his Master Christ, and his verity; the Bishop of Lincoln desired Master Latimer to hearken to him and then Master Latimer hearkening for some new matter and other talk, the Bishop of Lincoln read his condemnation, which was written in a long process the tenor of which, because it is sufficiently already expressed before, we thought meet in this place to omit, forasmuch as they are rather words of course, than things devised upon deliberation. Howbeit, indeed, the effect was, that forasmuch as the said Hugh Latimer did affirm, maintain, and stubbornly defend certain opinions, assertions, and heresies, contrary to the word of God, and the received faith of the church, as in denying the true and natural body of Christ, and his natural blood to be in the sacrament of the altar: secondarily, in affirming the substance of bread and wine to remain after the words of the consecration: thirdly, in denying the mass to be a living sacrifice of the church for the quick and the dead, and by no means would be perduced and brought_from these his heresies: they therefore, the said J. of Lincoln, James of Gloucester, John of Bristow, did judge and condemn the said Hugh Latimer as an heretic, and so adjudged him presently, both by word and also in deed, to be degraded from the priesthood and all ecclesiastical order, declaring moreover the said Hugh Latimer to be no member of the church, and therefore committed him to the secular powers of them to receive due punishment according to the tenor of the temporal laws; and further excommunicating him by the great excommunication. After the publication of the which, the said three bishops brake up their sessions and dismissed the audience.

But Master Latimer required the Bishop to perform his promise, in saying the day before that he should have license briefly to declare the cause why he refused the Pope's authority.

But the Bishop said that now he could not hear him, neither ought to talk with him.

Then Master Latimer asked him, whether it were not lawful for him to appeal from this his judgement. And the Bishop asked him again, to whom he would appeal. To the next general council (quoth Master Latimer) which shall be truly called in God's name: with that appellation the Bishop was content: but he said it would be a long season before such a convocation, as he meant, would be called. When the Bishop committed Master Latimer to the Mayor, saying, now he is your prisoner, Master Mayor, because the press of the people was not diminished, each man looking for further process, the Bishop of Lincoln commanded avoidance, and willed Master Latimer to tarry till the press were diminished, lest he should take hurt at the egression, as he did at his entrance; and so continued Bishop Ridley and Master Latimer in durance till the 16th day of the said month of October.

Upon the north side of the crown, in the ditch over against Bailey College, the place of execution was appointed; and for fear of any tumult that might arise to let the burning of them, the Lord Williams was commanded by the Queen's letters, and the householders of the city, to be their assistants, sufficiently appointed; and when every thing was in readiness, the prisoners were brought forth by the Mayor and the bailiffs. Master Ridley had a fair black gown furred, and faced with some such as he was wont to wear, being bishop, and a tippet of velvet, furred likewise, about his neck; a velvet night-cap upon his head, and a corner cap upon the same, going in a pair of slippers to the stake, and going between the Mayor and Aldermen, &c.

After him came Master Latimer, in a poor Bristow frize frock all worn, with his buttoned cap and a kerchief upon his head, all ready for the fire, a new long shroud hanging over his hose down to the feet: which at the first sight stirred men's hearts to see upon them, beholding on the one side the honour they sometime had, on the other the calamity whereunto they were fallen.9:

Master Doctor Ridley, as he passed toward Bocardo, looked up where Master Cranmer did lie, hoping belike to have seen him at the glass window, and to have spoken unto him, but then Master Cranmer was busy with friar Soto and his fellows, disputing together, so that he could not see him through that occasion; when Master Ridley, looking back, espied Master Latimer coming after, unto whom he said, Ah! be ye there?— Yea,' said Master Latimer, "have after as fast as I can follow.? So he following a pretty way off, at length they came both to