STATISTICS OF POPULATION, &c.

EMIGRATION FROM THE BRITISH ISLES.

The emigration movement commenced in 1815, on the close of the great European convulsions, and since that date it is calculated that 4,920,574 persons have migrated from the British isles. Of these, 1,186,735 went to the North American colonies, 2,960,706 to the United States, 686,899 to the Australian group of colonies, and 86,234 to other localities. The annual average from 1815 to 1859 was 109,347, and for the last ten years 248,958, illustrating the well known fact that of late emigration has proceeded in a greatly accelerated ratio. It cannot fail to strike every one who glances at these figures that we have succeeded somehow in diverting, by the excessive prices demanded for colonial land, the great bulk of our emigration to the United States, although this was formerly not the case. Thus, from 1815 to 1834, the emigration stream flowed more freely into British America than into the United States, the emi. grants to the former regions having been 402,681, and to the latter 268,633, while from 1834 to the close of last year the emigration to Canada amounted to 784,054, and that to the United States to 2,692,072. In short, the extraordinary fact appears that Canada is not so attractive an emigration field now as it was thirty years since, the emigration thither having amounted to 6,680 last year, and to 13,307 in 1829, while the total emigration was 120,432 last year, and only 31,198 in 1829. The emigration to Australia also reflects the disas trous policy of charging £1 per acre for land 15,000 miles from Great Britain, while it is to be had in the United States at 5s. per acre, 3,000 miles off. Thus, the emigration to Australia reached a total of 32,625 in 1841, and in the following year, when the £1 an acre was first insisted on, it fell to 8,534; in 1843, to 3,478; in 1844, to 2,229, and in 1845, to 830. The depression of the home agricultural interest again forced up the figures to 32,191, in 1849, and 16,037 in 1850, and the gold discoveries have since largely increased the emigration; but it is nevertheless evident that Australia has flourished, not in consequence, but in spite, of the policy adopted toward her.

PENNSYLVANIA CITIES.

The census returns of Pittsburg and its suburbs, it is estimated, will foot up 130,000. In the year 1850, the same territory had 88,312. Pittsburg proper has fifty-five thousand; the population on the south side of the river, including South and West Pittsburg, Birmingham, East Birmingham, Monongahela, and Temperanceville, will reach eighteen thousand; Alleghany City thirty-five thousand, and the rest is in the incorporated suburbs and adjacent townships. We have now most of the leading Pennsylvania cities and towns, as below:

RUSSIAN EMANCIPATION.

We translate from the Gazette du Nord the following bases of emancipation, which that journal announces as having been adopted by a majority of the deputies of the nobility, and upon which the final ukase will be issued during the course of the present autumn :

1. The immediate grant of individual liberty to the serfs is the more indispensable, both to the landholders and to the serfs, because both consider it as having existed in fact since the ukase which laid down the general principles of emancipation.

2. The official promulgation of the individual liberty of the serfs fixes two years as the term of probation, at the end of which time their emancipation will be complete.

3. During these two years, the landholder shall have power to make contracts with the serfs, as they may agree, either to sell him land in fee simple, or to lease it to him; but this lease shall not be for a less period than six years.

4. In case the landholder shall not have been able to come to a satisfactory arrangement with his serf at the expiration of the two years, the government shall intervene to give to the serf the desired amount of arable land on the existing bases of the economic condition of the serfs. giving them, however, the option of taking a less amount of land than they now occupy.

5. A local commission, appointed for the purpose, and divided into an original and an appellate jurisdiction, shall be established to appraise, according to pres ent prices, the lands which are to be granted to the seris.

6. The sum which shall thus become due to the landholder as the purchase money of his land, shall be reimbursed by the government, either in cash or in bonds, bearing five per cent interest.

7. As to the manner in which the government will collect these amounts, the landholders need have no concern about it, for this will be accomplished without their participation, and as the government shall hereafter determine.

8. Finally, as soon as the serf shall become a citizen, in consequence of emancipation, the power of the landholder over him entirely ceases.

IMMIGRATION INTO THE WEST INDIES.

The immigration into the West Indies, to supply the deficiency of labor existing there, has been prosecuted on a very considerable scale of late years, more freely than is, perhaps, generally supposed. Thus, since 1848, 5,557 immigrants have been introduced into Jamaica, 17,165 into Trinidad, 38,921 into British Guiana, 1,674 into St. Lucia, 895 into St. Vincent, 2,034 into Granada, 1,213 into Antigua, 852 into St. Kitt's, and 292 into Tobago, making an aggregate of 68,603. The immigration has been derived from the following sources:Darien, United States, 32; Great Britain, 22; Havana, 276; Saba, 23; Sierra Leone, 6,543; Kroo Coast, 273; St. Helena, 7,181; Rio de Janeiro, 619; Madeira, 12,670; Azores, 164; East Indies, 36,091; China, 2,806; Cape Verds, 1,198. Since 1848, no fewer than 192,992 immigrants have also been introduced into the great sugar-producing colony of the Mauritius, nearly the whole of them, 191,996, having been drawn from the East Indies. The transport of the immigrants from the East to the West Indies has been attended with a rather heavy mortality. Thus, in the case of 2,927 immigrants dispatched to British Guiana from Calcutta and Madras, in the season 1858-9, only 2,714 were landed, exclusive of seven infants born on the voyage. Of 8,713 immigrants into Trinidad, dispatched from the same ports, only 8,418 were landed, exclusive of eighteen infants born on the voyage; and of 344 persons shipped from Calcutta to Granada, only 299 were landed. The mortality, in fact, was

about seven-and-a-half per cent on the whole number of immigrants embarked, while in the case of British emigrants to Australia in 1856-7-8-9, the deaths were only about one per cent. At the same time, every care appears to be taken to secure the health of the immigrants to the West Indies, by means of efficient ventilation, exercise in the open air, cleanliness of berths and decks, inspection of food, due supply of medicines, and surgical aid. The constitution of Asiatics (who are almost unaccustomed, in remote villages, to even a sight of the great deep) seems to be more feeble than that of Europeans, and less fitted to endure changes of climate. The immigrants are engaged for five years, and are hired at a fixed sum of four dollars per month; but if, on their arrival in the colonies, they prefer to be paid by the day, in the same way as non-contract laborers, the necessary alteration is made in their contracts, and they are placed on the same footing as to remuneration. The immigrants are provided with a free passage, and, if any one desires it, an advance of twenty dollars is made to him, repaid, subsequently, by deductions from his wages. when they accompany their husbands, are unfettered by any conditions.

POPULATION OF MARYLAND IN 1782.

The Baltimore American contains the following interesting paper :

Women,

A RETURN OF THE NUMBER OF INHABITANTS IN THE STATE OF MARYLAND, TAKEN MARCH, 1782. NUMBER OF WHITE INHABITANTS AND FREE MALES ABOVE TEN YEARS OF AGE IN THE SEVERAL COUNTIES OF THE STATE AS TAKEN IN MARCH, 1782.

NUMBER OF NEGROES IN THE STATE OF MARYLAND, TAKEN BY THE ASSESSORS IN MARCH,

We are thus shown that, according to this census, Maryland, in 1782, had a population of 254.052. The compendium of the United States census of 1850 puts Maryland down in 1775 as having only 174,000! white of course; but our representatives in Congress, in 1774, making their estimate no doubt from the known number of taxables, placed the whole number at 320,000. This was probably too large, but from so many returning to England, fleeing to other States, slaves decoyed to the enemy, and soldiers slain in battle and lost by other casualties of war during the Revolution, all this we can well understand left Maryland with a much smaller population in 1782 than she had in 1775.

MERCANTILE MISCELLANIES.

GOVERNORS OF CUBA.

We find in the Cuban Messenger of a late date the following list of the governors of that magnificent island. Under the Spanish rule, the first governor of this island was Don DIEGO VELAZQUEZ, who received the appointment from Admiral D. DIEGO COLON, in 1511. He remained in office until his death in 1524. He was succeeded by the following:—

TRADING TOO MUCH.

The rush, the strain, the excitement, and the fevered anxiety of those who enter the great sweepstakes of business life for the purse of success, have been the frequent subjects of the pen of the moralist, but still all hobbies are ridden at full speed, under the lash, and with spurs driven into the rowels! Men will jostle each other and overcrowd their own strength and energy. Money is the great aim of all, and is as hard to obtain as the purse sometimes put at the top of a greased pole in European countries, when hundreds fail to secure it before one is shrewd enough to put sand on his hands and feet before he attempts to climb. Too much effort too much expansion-too much business-is as fatal as supineness or over caution. Hence there is a great deal of force in the following article from the Cincinnati Times, of a recent date:

We are not disposed to croak and cavil over the times-hard though they may be. It is a good thing to have the money market tight for it makes men prudent and cautious. More men are ruined by doing too much business than by too little. Trading and talking are the great American characteristics, both of which we are apt to indulge in excessively. Now and then, very rarely, a man may talk himself into a fortune, but oftener he talks himself out of one. In prosperous times men enlarge their business, are tempted into new operations, and generally carry more sail than they can bear; consequently they very soon run into breakers-strike, founder, or go down! This is the brief career of more than one merchant in our own community. We do not need to cite examples in New York or Philadelphia. To be a good merchant requires coolness and calculation. It is a wise man who knows when he has done enough. It is a prudent man who takes advantage of rising tides, aud watches well the ebb.

Long credits are a serious damage. All credit is unsafe. No man can trust out his goods, and get along by hiring money on the street. Debt in the city and debts in the country are different things. In the city men are prompt. Notes must be paid on the day of their maturity. In the country this promptness of business is unknown. The country trader feels no compunction if his paper is overdue a week or so. Perhaps he forgets that the note, being indorsed and in the bank, is liable to protest. The city merchants are compelled to give credit, they say! Formerly there was a competition in cash trade; now the idea seems to be who can get rid of the most goods "on time."

We need more producers. As old John Unit says, a "population consuming and not producing, can never be made to pay," and John is right. The real wealth of a nation is its labor. A country may abound in natural gifts, but the hand of toil must bring them forth. There are too many traders in the United States already, and they trade too much. The balance is against us over the water. Our corn and wheat, and beef and pork, will not pay for our articles of imported luxury, which we would be better off without. If we would trade, we must have capital, and capital must be worked out from the earth. Therefore we require more farmers, more producers, more toilers. Trading on credit is a fallacy which men sooner or later find out to their sorrow.

It is the easiest matter in the world to trust out goods to country merchants, but the work of collecting is an intolerable nuisance! Debt is a hard master. He is intolerant and slow to be satisfied. How he dogs a man's footsteps like some hungry shadow. Debt is reciprocal. If country customers do not pay up prompt, our merchants cannot pay their Eastern debts without borrowing, which is the worst business that ever a human being engaged in. "He that goes a borrowing goes a sorrowing," says Poor Richard. Almost any business man now-a-days can testify to the truth of the maxim. Great troubles come from the feverish haste to get rich, evinced by the American people. Thus they overtrade, and run into wild speculations, make great strikes now and then, but where one succeeds ten go to the bottom. Too much trading is bad business— it don't pay!