ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. above. Lat. 61° N., Lon. 32° 50′ E. Petrozavodsk is the present capital.

O-LOT', a t. of Spain, in Catalonia, 53 m. N. N. E. of Barcelona. Its vicinity is interesting to the geologist, on account of the number of extinct volcanoes which it contains: the largest, called Santa Margarita, has a crater 455 ft. deep, and about a mile in circumference.

O'-mer, Saint, (Fr. pron. sånt o`-maiR',) a manufacturing and commercial t. and important fortress of France, in the dep. of Pas de Calais, on the r. Aa, and on the canal of St. Omer, which connects the town with the Lys. Lat. 50° 45′ N., Lon. 2° 15′E. Pop. 18,789. (M.) ОмSк, a small but well fortified t. of Siberia, cap. of a prov. of the same name, on the Irtysh. Lat. about 55° N., Lon. 73° 30′ E.

Oñaтe, òn-yảꞌ-tà, a t. of Spain, in Biscay, 28 m. E. S. E. of Bilbao, with a university. In its vicinity are extensive iron foundries. Pop. stated at 12,000. (M.)

O-NE-GA (Russ. pron. o-nål-gå), next to Ladoga, the largest L. in Europe, is situated in the gov. of Olonets, being intersected by the 61st and 62d parallels of N. Lat., and by the 35th and 36th meridians of E. Lon. Length, about 140 m.; greatest breadth, 45 m. Its navigation is impeded by sand-banks.

ONEIDA, o-ni-da, a co. in the N. central part of N. Y., intersected by the Erie Canal. Pop. 99,566. Co. towns, Utica, Rome, and Whitesboro.

ONEIDA, a L. in the N. central part of N. Y., lying partly within the above co. Length about 20 m.; greatest breadth, 6 or 7 m. The outlet of this lake, called the Oneida r., 16 m. long, flows westerly, and joins the Seneca to form the Oswego r.

ONONDAGA, on`-on-dau/-ga, a co. in the N. W. central part of N. Y., intersected by the Erie Canal, and bordering the Oneida L. Pop. 85,890. Co. t. Syracuse.

ONS-LOW, a co. in the S. E. part of N. C., bordering on the sea. Pop. 8,283. Seat of justice, Onslow c. h.

ON-TA-RI-O, LAKE, the smallest and most easterly of the five great lakes which communicate with the r. St. Lawrence, situated between 43° 10′ and 44° 10' N. Lat., and 76° and 80° W. Lon. Length, about 180 m.; greatest breadth, 55 m. Area estimated at 5,400 sq. m. The surface is about 334 ft. below that of L. Erie, and 231 ft. above the tidewater in the St. Lawrence and Hudson. The greatest depth is upwards of 600 ft.

ONTARIO, a co. in the N. W. part of N. Y., a little S. of the Erie canal, and bordering on Seneca lake. Pop. 43,929. Co. t. Canandaigua.

ÕOJEIN, 00-jane, (Anc. Ozene,) one of the best built cities of Hindostan, and formerly the cap. of the kingdom of Sindhia. It is distinguished for its schools and its observatory, regarded as the first in the country; from this the Hindoo geographers reckon their longitudes. Ancient Oojein stood about a mile N. of the modern town.

Fåte, får, fåll, fât; mě, mêt; pine or pine, pin; nỏ, nôt; oo as in good; Lat. 23° 11' N., Lon. 75° 51' E. Pop. unknown, but probably near 100,000. (B.)

OOR/-FA, (Anc. Edes/sa), a fortified t. of Asiatic Turkey, 80 m. S. W. of Diarbekir, important on account of its population as well as its commerce and manufactures. Lat. about 37° 10' N., Lon. 38° 50′ E. Pop. estimated at 50,000. (B.) McCulloch, however, states it at 30,000. OO-ROO-MEE-A (Urumiya; commonly written Ourmiah or Urmia), a salt lake in the N. of Persia, intersected by the 38th parallel of N. Lat., and the 46th meridian of E. Lon. Length, about 90 m.; greatest breadth near 40 m.

OOSTERHOUT, ōce'-ter-hout`, a t. of Holland, in N. Brabant, 5 m. N. E. of Breda, with extensive manufactures of earthenware. Pop. above 6,000. (B.) ·

Oos-TI-OOG VEL/-1-KEE (Ustiug Veliki), a commercial t. of European Russia, at the confluence of the Yoog (Jug), and Sookhona, which, by their junction, form the Dwina. Lat. 60° 45′ N., Lon. about 46° 10′ É. Pop. 8,000. (M.)

E.

O-POR-TO (i. e. o Porto, or "the Port"), an important commercial city, and seaport of Portugal, is delightfully situated on two hills, near the mouth of the Douro, in the prov. of Minho. It contains several institutions for public instruction, among which may be mentioned the Academy of Navigation and Commerce, and the School of Surgery and Anatomy. The well-known red wine, called Port, is produced in the interior of Portugal, and derives its name from being exclusively shipped at this city. Lat. 41° 9′ N., Lon. 8° 37′ W. Pop. about 70,000. (B.)

OP/-PELN, a walled t. of Prussian Silesia, cap. of a government of the same name, situated on the Oder. Lat. 50° 36′ N., Lon. about 18° E. Pop. 6,300. (B.)

OR/-ANGE (Fr. pron. o`-rånzh'; Anc. Arau'sio); a t. in the S. E. of France, in the dep. of Vaucluse, remarkable for the Roman antiquities found in its vicinity, among which there is a splendid triumphal arch, almost entire, about 64 ft. in length and breadth, and rather more in height. In the middle ages, this town was the capital of a principality, which, for a considerable period, belonged to the house of Nassau. the death of William III. of England, his heir, the king of Prussia, ceded it to France, but the title of Prince of Orange is still retained by the royal family of Holland. Lat. 44° 8' N., Lon. 4° 48′ E. Pop. 5,897. (M.)

On

ORANGE, a co. in the E. part of Vt., bordering on the Connecticut r. Pop: 27,296. Co. t. Chelsea.

ORANGE, a co. in the S. E. part of N. Y., bordering on N. J. and the Hudson r. Pop. 57,145. Co. towns, Goshen and Newburg.

ORANGE, a co. in the E. central part of Va., on a branch of the Rappahannock. Pop. 10,067. Seat of justice, Orange c. h.

ORANGE, a co. in the N. part of N. C., on the head waters of Cape Fear r. Pop. 17,055. Co. t. Hillsborough.

ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. ORANGE, a co. in the S. part of Ind., a little S. E. of the E. fork of White r. Pop. 10,809. Co. t. Paoli.

OR-ANGE-BURG`, a dist. in the S. central part of S. C., on the Edisto r. Pop. 23,582. Seat of justice, Orangeburg.

OREBRO. See OEREBRO.

OR-E-GON RIVER or COLUMBIA RIVER, a large r. of N. America, which rises on the W. declivity of the Rocky Mountains, near 50° N, Lat. and 116° W. Lon., and, flowing in a very circuitous course, falls into the Pacific, in about 46° 15′ N. Lat., and 124° W. Lon. The entire length is estimated at 1,200 m. It is navigable all seasons of the year, for vessels drawing 12 ft. water, to the Cascades, about 150 m. by water from its mouth.

OREGON TERRITORY, the extreme northwestern portion of the possessions of the American Confederacy, lies between 42° and 49° N. Lat., and between 109° and 125° W. Lon., being about 600 miles in mean length from E. to W., and about 486 in breadth from N. to S., and including an area of 241,463 sq. miles, or nearly 220,00,000 acres. It is bounded on the N. by British America, E. by the Rocky Mountains, which separate it from Missouri or N. W. Territory, and a small portion of Indian territory; south by the 42d degree of N. Lat., which separates it from Utah and California, and W. by the Pacific. A small part of the N. W. boundary is formed by the straits of Juan de Fuca and the Gulf of Georgia, which separate it from Vancouver's Island. The population by the census of 1850, was 13,293; of whom 12,087 were white, and 206 colored persons. Deaths in the year preceding June, 1850, forty-seven, or less than four in every thousand. There were in that year 2,374 families inhabiting the same number of dwellings. The Indians, of whom there are many tribes, are not included in the census returns.

Oregon is divided into ten counties.*

Rivers, Lakes, Harbours, &c.—The Oregon or Columbia,—the principal river not only of this territory but of the whole Pacific slope, and the only important channel of communication between the inland regions and the sea-has its sources in the Rocky Mountains, within the British dominions. The two principal branches take their rise in about 50° N. Lat., but pursuing opposite directions, they enclose an elliptical area of about 250 miles in extent from north to south. The north branch or Columbia proper, runs N. W. to nearly the 52d degree of lat., then turning S. passes through a series of lakes, and joins the south branch just within the Oregon limits. The south branch, McGillivray's, Kootanie, or Flat Bow river, (for it has received all these different names,) runs first in a S. W. and then in a N. W. direction, and joins the north branch as just stated. About 100 miles from its mouth the south branch expands into Flat Bow Lake. The Columbia now pursues a S. W. course for about 150 * Benton, Clackamas, Clark, Clastop, Linn, Lewis, Marion, Polk, Washington, and Yam Hill, 2 C

36*

Fåte, får, fåll, fât; mẻ, mêt; plne or pīne, pin; nò, nôt; õõ as in good; miles, receiving the Clarke or Flathead and Spokain rivers from the south, and the Okonagʻan or Okanagan from the north. It next runs almost directly south for about 200 miles, receiving the Lewis, called also the Saptin or Snake river, from the E., and the Yakima from the W. Below Fort Wallawalla it pursues a westerly, and for the last 80 miles a N. W. direction to its mouth in the Pacific Ocean. In this part of its course its affluents from the south are the John Day's, Falls, and Willam'ette rivers; and from the north the Cowlitz. We will now retrace our steps; starting at the Cascade Range of Mountains, 150 miles from the sea, to which point the Columbia river is navigable for vessels drawing 12 feet water. Here the river is narrowed to a channel of 150 yards in width, and descends 40 feet in two miles. It is then navigable 40 miles further up to the Dalles, where it is again compressed within a channel of 100 yards. This channel is formed by high basaltic rocks, and is half a mile in length. The river here descends 50 feet in two miles; but in freshets rises 60 feet, when the Dalles can be passed by boats both up and down. But many fatal accidents have occurred from attempts to pass when the water was not in a proper stage. From thence (with many interruptions, however, by falls and rapids, which are passed by portages,) the river is navigable for small boats up to the Dalles de Morts, near the 52d degree of N. Lat. Near the north boundary are Kettle Falls. Again descending the Columbia, we have Clarke river rising in the Rocky Mountains in the E. of Oregon, pursuing a N. W. course through Lake Kulluspelm, and joining the Columbia after a course of about 600 miles. But the great tributary of the Columbia, the Lewis or Saptin, rises in the Rocky Mountains, in the S. E. of Oregon, and running first in a S. W. and then in a N. W course from 800 to 1,000 miles, joins the parent stream, after receiving the Breneau, Owyhee, and Malheur from the west, and the Sickly, Reid, Fayette, Salmon, and Koos kooskie rivers from the east. The Lewis is only navigable in particular parts, being obstructed by the Salmon and American Falls, and other impediments to navigation. The Fall river on the east side of the Cascade range, and the Willam'ette on the west, each have a north course of about 200 miles. The Okanagan, the largest affluent of the Columbia on the right bank, has its course principally in British America. There are several small lakes in the S. W., between the Cascade range and the Blue mountains, and also in the S. E. near the Rocky Mountains.

The best harbours in Oregon are in Puget's Sound, Hood's Canal, and Admiralty Inlet-arms of the straits of Juan de Fuca. Here, such is the depth of the water, and the boldness of the shores, that a vessel's side will strike before her keel. Between these and the mouth of the Columbia is Gray's Harbour-but its anchorage is limited. The Columbia river itself is much obstructed at its mouth by bars and shifting sands, which render the navigation dangerous. The Klamet and Umpqua rivers in the S. W. are navigable for a small distance. The Klamet has only two fathoms water on the bar, but

ou, as in our; th, as in thin; TH, as in this; N, nearly like ng. four or five within. The Umpqua admits vessels of 12 feet draught, and light steamboats can ascend 25 miles. A port of entry has been established at its mouth. The Willam'ette, which enters the Columbia 90 miles from the sea, is navigable for vessels of the largest class to Portland, 15 miles from its mouth, and sometimes even as high as Milwaukie, seven miles farther up. It is navigable for small steamboats 60 miles above the falls.

Face of the country, Mountains, &c.—Oregon is usually divided into three sections, viz. the Lower Country, or portion next the sea; the Middle Country, or portion which lies between the Cascade range and Blue mountains; and the Upper Country, or portion which lies between the Blue and Rocky mountains. On approaching Oregon from the sea, it presents the same bold, iron-bound coast as California; but with this difference, at least south of the Columbia, that the coast range, instead of running parallel with the Pacific, is composed of a series of highlands nearly at right angles to the shore, through the valleys of which the rivers of the Callapuya or Callapooya mountains,-the western limit of the Willam'ette valley, descend to the ocean. This section has a breadth varying from 75 to 120 miles between the Pacific and the Cascade range; and although its general features present a rugged aspect, yet this is the garden of Oregon, the agricultural store-house of the territory, and here are the rich valleys of the Willam'ette, the Umpqua, and Rogue's river, south of the Columbia, and of the Cowlitz and Chahales, north of the same river, besides various alluvial basins on the Columbia, and the scattered valleys of the smaller streams. The larger valleys vary in length from 40 to 150 miles, and in breadth from 5 to 85 m. One remarkable feature of the Willam'ette valley, is the buttes, (pronounced butes,) high conical hills, which are generally insulated. Near the mouth of the Coupé r. there are two Buttes, called Pisgah and Sinai, which are half a mile apart at their bases, and about 1,000 ft. above the plain, with a level country all around them for 20 miles. From one part of the Willam'ette valley, near the Rickreall, seven peaks of the Cascade mountains, crowned with everlasting snow, may be seen at once. This scene, viewed from the valley, covered with its golden harvests, has a very picturesque effect. The ComWillam'ette river has a great number of tributary streams. mencing at its mouth, on the west side, and proceeding in order, we have the Tuality (twol'-e-te), Yam Hill, Rickreal (rick'-re-awl), Luckimiute (luck'-e-me-oot'), Mary's, and Long Tom rivers, all rising in or at the base of the Callapooya mountains. Turning, and descending on the right bank, we pass the Mackenzie's, Sexton's, Coupé (koo-pay'), Sandyam, Pudding, Clackamus, and Milwaukie rivers. Several of these affluents are nearly one-fourth of a mile wide at their mouths; These are others are what are called, in the Middle States, creeks. bounded by fertile valleys, which offer great inducements to the settler. The eastern branches rise in the Cascade range.

Passing the lofty summits of the Cascade range, reaching from