dila in the walls of the intestine itself, probably proceeding chiefly, however, from the glands of Brunner, which is known under the name of the succesentericus.. The structure of the pancreas

closely resembles that of the salivary glands; for it consists of racemose clusters of secreting follicles which form the terminations of the ramifying divisions of the duct; each cluster, with blood-vessels, lymphatics, nerves, and connecting tissue, forming a lobule: and the separate lobules being held together by areolar tissue, as well as by the vessels and ducts. Like the salivary glands, moreover, its development commences by a sort of budding-forth of the alimentary canal at a particular spot, upon which a mass of cells has previously accumulated. The secretion of this gland strongly resembles saliva in its general appearance, being clear and colourless, slightly viscid, and alkaline in its reaction; it contains, however, a larger proportion of solid matter, its specific gravity being 1008 or 1009; and the nature of its animal principle is not precisely the same.- Dr. Carpenter, Principles of Human Physiology, § 452: 1853.

The pancreas of Mammalia differs chiefly from that in birds by the progressive development of a part more or less distinct from that which is lodged within the loop or fold of the duodenum. The pancreas in the Ornithorhynchus is a thin, somewhat ramified gland bent upon itself: the left and larger portion descends by the side of the left lobe of the spleen. The pancreas is thicker in the Echidna, and enlarges considerably towards the duodenum. The principal difference occurs in the place of termination of the pancreatic duct, which, in the Ornithorhynchus, joins the ductus choledochus, but in the Echidna terminates separately in the duodenum and nearer the pylorus than does the ductus choledochus. The arrangement of the hepatic and pancreatic ducts is thus conformable to the Mammalian type.-Owen, Anatomy of Vertebrates.

Pancreátic. adj. Contained in, secreted by, connected with, relating to, the pancreas.

PAND

Proclaim no shame,

To be a strumpet's: ...

In man and viviparous quadrupeds, the food moistened with the saliva is first chewed, then swal-2. lowed into the stomach, and so evacuated into the intestines, where being mixed with the choler and pancreatick juice, it is further subtilized, and easily finds its way in at the straight orifices of the lacteous veins.-Ray, On the Wisdom of God manifested in the Works of the Creation.

(See, also, under Pancreas.)

Pándar. s.

[Pandarus, the name of an archer on the side of the Trojans in Homer, but in the story of Troilus and Cressida converted into an uncle of Cressida (the Greek Cryseis, in an oblique case), between whom and Troilus he acts as a go-between. In the previous editions it is spelt pander, with the remark that it was, until its etymology was forgotten, spelt with an a. As in one of the extracts (an authoritative one) it is still so spelt, it is not considered too late to restore the true form; the more so as pandarism and pandarous are so spelt. At present it looks like a derivative from the nonexistent verb pand.] Pimp; male bawd; procurer; agent for the lust or ill designs of another.

Let him with his cap in hand,

Like a base pander, hold the chamber door;
Whilst by a slave

His fairest daughter is contaminated.

Shakespear, Henry V. iv. 5. Thou art the pander to her dishonour, and equally to me disloyal.-Id., Cymbeline, iii. 4, letter.

If ever you prove false to one another, since I have taken such pains to bring you together, let all pitiful goers between be called panders after my name.Id., Troilus and Cressida, iii. 2.

The sons of happy punks, the pander's heir,

Are privileged

To clap the first, and rule the theatre.

Dryden.

Thou hast confess'd thyself the conscious pandar

Of that pretended passion;

A single witness infamously known,

Against two persons of unquestion'd fame.

Rowe.

Id., Don Sebastian, v. 1. My obedient honesty was made The pander to thy lust and black ambition. Just at the moment it is announced that a popular poet, a zealous adherent to the tribunes, has made a new song which will cut the Claudian nobles to the heart. The crowd gathers round him, and calls on him to recite it. He takes his stand on the spot where, according to tradition, Virginia, more than seventy years ago, was seized by the pandar of Appius, and he begins his story.-Macaulay, Lays of Ancient Rome, Virginia, introduction. Pándar, v. a. Pimp; be subservient to lust or passion.

430

=

Pandemónium. s. [Gr. daiμwv demon.]
Capital of hell: (as such, a proper, rather
than a common, name). Poetical.
A solemn council, forthwith to be held
At Pandemonium, the high capital
Of Satan and his peers.

Pandóre. s.

PANE

[Gr. Tavdovpa.] Musical instrument of the lute kind so called. The cythron, the pandore, and the theorbo strike. Drayton, Polyolbion, song iv. The lute went out of fashion about the reign of Charles II., from being thought to occasion deformity in ladies. The theorbo, or arch-lute, was a French or Neapolitan invention; and also called cithara bijuga, from having two necks. The orpharion was like a guitar, but had a scolloped body; and was strung with wire, the lute with gut. The bandore, nearly similar, had a straight bridge; the orpharion slanting. The pandura was of the lute kind, the mandura a lesser lute.-Fosbroke, Encyclopædia of Antiquities.

There was one staircase-window in it: at the side of the house, on the ground-floor: which tradition said had not been opened for a hundred years at least, and which, abutting on an always dirty lane, was so begrimed and coated with a century's mud, that no one pane of glass could possibly fall out, though all were cracked and broken twenty times. -Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit, ch. ix.

Piece mixed in variegated works with
other pieces: (as, 'A pane of cloth').
Him all repute

For his device in handsoming a suit,

To judge of lace, pink, panes, and print, and plait,
Of all the court to have the best conceit. Donne.

Páned. adj. Variegated; composed of small squares, as a counterpane usually is.

I have seen the king come sodainly thither in a maske with a dozen maskers, all in garments like shepardes, made of fine cloathe of gold and fine crimson satten paned.-Cavendish, Life of Cardinal Wolsey.

Altar clothes... of blewe bawdkyn paned with red velvette.-Direction in Warton's Life of Sir T. Pope, p. 339.

My hooded cloak, long stocking, and paned hose.
Massinger, Grand Duke of Florence.

Panegyric. s. [see Panegyris.] Eulogy; encomiastic piece.

The Athenians met at the sepulchres of those slain at Marathon, and there made panegyricks upon them.-Bishop Stillingfleet.

That which is a satyr to other men must be a panegyrick to your lordship.-Dryden.

As he continues the exercises of these eminent virtues, he may be one of the greatest men that our age has bred, and leave materials for a panegyrick, not unworthy the pen of some future Pliny.-Prior. To chafe our spleen, when themes like these increase,

Shall panegyric reign, and censure cease. Young. His [Waller's] panegyric on Cromwell, the offering of his gratitude to the Protector for the permission granted to him of returning to England after ten years' exile, is one of the most graceful pieces of adulation ever offered by poetry to power. -Craik, History of English Literature, vol. ii. p. 88. It is not difficult to trace the process by which the old songs were transmuted into the form which they now wear. Funeral panegyric and chronicle appear to have been the intermediate links which connected the lost ballads with the histories now extant. From a very early period it was the usage that an oration should be pronounced over the remains of a noble Roman.-Macaulay, Lays of Ancient Rome, preface.

Used adjectivally.

Ibid. X. 422.

The rest were all Far to th' inland retired, about the walls Of Pandemonium, city and proud seat Of Lucifer. Pandiculation. s. [Lat. pandiculatio, -onis = yawning.] Restlessness, stretching, and uneasiness that usually accompany the cold fits of an intermitting fever; yawning.

Windy spirits, for want of a due volatilization, produce in the nerves a pandiculation, or oscitation,

or stupor, or cramp in the muscles.-Sir J. Floyer, Preternatural State of the Animal Humours.

Believe all that I ask of you, viz., that I could resist no longer; believe it liberally, and as an act of grace: or else in mere prudence: for, if not, then in the next edition of my Opium Confessions revised and enlarged, I will make you believe and tremble: and à force d'ennuyer, by mere dint of pandiculation I will terrify all readers of mine from ever again questioning any postulate that I shall think fit to make. De Quincey, Confessions of an English Opium-eater.

Upon occasion of panegyrical orations.-Mede, Apostasy of the Latter Times, p. 146.

Some of his odes are panegyrical, others moral, the rest jovial, or, if I may so call them, bacchanalian.-Dryden, Preface to Sylva.

In his panegyrical descriptions, he has seldom descended lower than the center of their hearts.Earl of Orrery, Remarks on the Life and Writings of Dr. Swift, p. 117.

Panegyris. s. [Lat., from Gr. navýyvpic.] Public meeting or festival; thence speech (of an encomiastic nature) made thereat.

After another persuasive method, at set and solemn paneguries, in theatres, porches, or what other place or way.-Milton, Reason of Church Government, b.ii.

Will there not open a glorious scene, when God (to use St. Paul's words) shall celebrate the grand panegyris?-Harris, On the fifty-third Chapter of Isaiah, p. 262.

Panegýrist. s. One who writes or utters panegyric; encomiast.

artist proposes to represent. In executing this kind of perspective the artist divides the horizon into a considerable number of parts, twenty, for example, and draws, in the ordinary way, on a plane surface, a perspective view of all the objects comprised in each of these portions of the horizon. He then paints on a canvas representing the developement of the cylindrical surface, the twenty drawings, in as many vertical and parallel stripes; and the picture is completed by stretching the canvas on the cylindrical wall of the rotunda which is to contain the panorama. When a painting of this kind is well executed, its truth is such as to produce a complete illusion. No other method of representing objects is so well calculated to give an exact idea of the general aspect and appearance of a country as seen all round from a given point. The first panorama exhibited in London was painted by Robert Barker in 1789; it represented a view of Edinburgh. A panorama of London was the first that was introduced into Germany in 1800. Since that time they have become common in all the principal cities of Europe. Barker was the inventor of panoramas. He built and opened the circular exhibition rooms in Leicester Square in 1793. After his death in 1806 the exhibition was carried on by his son, Henry Aston Barker and Robert Burford. The latter produced a grand series of panoramas, and died in his seventieth year, on January 30, 1861.-Brande and Cox, Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art.

It was almost night when they came alongside the landing-place. A steep bank with an hotel, like a barn, on the top of it; a wooden store or two; and a few scattered sheds. You sleep here to-night, and go on in the morning, I suppose, ma'am?' said Martin.-Where should I go on to?' cried the mother of the modern Gracchi.-'To New Thermopylae. My! ain't I there?' said Mrs. Hominy. -Martin looked for it all round the darkening panorama; but he couldn't see it, and was obliged to say so.-Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit, ch. xxiii. Pansophical. adj. Aiming or pretending to know everything.

It were to be wished indeed, that it were done into Latin,... for the humbling of many conceited enthusiasts and pansophical pretenders.- - Worthington, Letter to Hartlib, p. 231: 1660.

You told me you would take notice of Dr. Cowley's design of a pansophical college.-Ibid. p. 269. Pánsophy, s. [Gr. oopía = wisdom.] Universal wisdom.

The precepts of pansophy ought to contain nothing in them, but what is worth our serious knowledge.-Hartlib, Reformation of Schools, p. 43: 1642. The French philosophers affect a dogmatical manner, the reverse of true philosophy; a sort of pansophy, or universality of command over the opinions of men, which can only be supported by the arts of deception.-Boothby, Ön Burke, p. 265. Pánsy. s. [Fr. pensée thought.] Garden (native) plant so called, akin to the violets; Viola tricolor.

=

There is pansies, that's for thoughts.-Shakespear, Hamlet, iv. 5.

The daughters of the flood have search'd the mead For violets pale, and cropp'd the poppy's head; Pansies to please the sight, and cassia sweet to smell. Dryden.

The real essence of gold is as impossible for us to know, as for a blind man to tell in what flower the colour of a pansy is or is not to be found, whilst he has no idea of the colour of a pansy.-Locke.

From the brute beasts humanity I learn'd,
And in the pansy's life God's providence discern'd.
Harte.

Pant- as an element in composition. See
Pan-.

Pant. v. n.

PANT

Pántable. s. Corruption of Pantofle.

What pride equal to his [the pope's] making kings kiss his pantables!-Sir E. Sandys, State of Religion, D. 2, b.: ed. 1605.

Rich pantables in ostentation shewn, And roses worth a family. Massinger, City Madam. See Pantograph. Pantagraph. s. Pantaloón. s.

1. Part of a man's garment, in which the breeches and stockings are all of a piece. The French we conquer'd once,

2.

Now give us laws for pantaloons, The length of breeches and the gathers. Butler, Hudibras, i, 3, 923. Used adjectivally.

Whether the trunk-hose fancy of queen Elizabeth's days, or the pantaloon genius of our's be best.Phillips, Theatrum Poetarum, pref.: 1675. Character in the Italian comedy; buffoon in the pantomimes of modern times; so called from the close dress which he wears. My man Tranio... bearing my port... that we might beguile the old pantaloon.—Shakespear, Taming of the Shrew, iii. 1. The sixth age shifts Into the lean and slipper'd pantaloon, With spectacles on nose, and pouch on side. Id., As you like it, ii. 7. There are four standing characters, which enter into every piece that comes on the stage; the doctor, Pantalone harlequin, pantalone, and Coviello.... is generally an old cully, and Coviello a sharper.Addison, Travels in Italy.

Pánter. s. One who pants.

Swiftly the gentle charmer flies,
And to the tender grief soft air applies,
Which, warbling mystic sounds,
Cements the bleeding panter's wounds.

Congreve, Ode on Mrs. Arabella Hunt's
Singing.

Pantheism. s. System of philosophy, or religion, which recognises God only so far as He is identified with the world, universe, or nature; chiefly connected with the name of Spinoza, as a modern; with the ancient philosophers it was Hylozoism, or Hylozoicism.

Pántheist. s. One who identifies God with the universe, or the universe with God.

Closely connected with many of the foregoing, and arising in most minds from some or other of them by the very nature of our physical constitution, are those ideas which relate to the Being and Attributes of the Deity. The conception which each individual forms of the Divine nature depends in great degree upon his own habits of thought; but there are two extremes, towards one or other of which most of the current notions on this subject may be said to tend, and between which they seem to have oscillated in all periods of the history of monotheism. These are pantheism and anthropomorphism. Towards the pantheistic aspect of Deity, we are especially led by the philosophic contemplation of His agency in external nature; for in proportion as we fix our attention exclusively upon the laws which express the orderly sequence of its phenomena, and upon the forces' whose agency we recognise as their immediate causes, do we come to think of the Divine Being as the mere First Principle of the Universe, an all-comprehensive Law' in which all other laws are subordinate, that most general Cause' of which all the physical forces are but manifestations. This conception embodies a great truth and a fundamental error. Dr. Carpenter, Principles of Human Physiology, § 15.

Below the bottom of the great abyss,

There where one centre reconciles all things, The world's profound heart pants.

The whispering breeze

tendency to identify, God with the universe; connected with, relating to, Pantheism.

Let any one but seriously consider the pantheistick system, whether it be not as wild enthusiasm as ever was invented and published to the world. It supposes God and nature, or God and the whole universe, to be one and the same substance, one universal being; insomuch that men's souls are only modifications of the divine substance: from whence it follows, that what men will, God wills also; and what they say, God says; and what they do, God does. Was there ever any raving enthusiast that discovered greater extravagance? This doctrine first owed its birth to pagan darkness, and revived afterwards among the Jewish cabbalists: from thence it was handed down to Spinosa, who was originally a Jew; and from him it descended to the author or authors of the Pantheisticon; who, while they are themselves the greatest visionaries in nature, yet scruple not to charge the Christian world with enthusiasm.-Waterland, Christianity Vindicated, Charge, p. 44: 1732.

Panthéon. s. Temple of all the gods; the name of a temple in Athens: (as such, a

PANT

Wordsworth, Ruth.

That there are two species confounded under the names of leopard and panther, seems to have been the opinion of most zoologists; and the ancients, who had more extensive opportunities of examining them, though not with a view to their zoological characters, invariably characterised them under two names. Our own opinion is that there are at least two distinct species, though it is very difficult to fix upon good characters. That the leopard is by far the most common, inhabiting both Africa and India, while the panther is to be found chiefly, if not entirely, in Africa. Both are subject to very great variety, which may be seen in the number of skins which annually arrive in Europe indiscriminately under these titles, but it is perhaps not greater than is exhibited by the next three figures of the American jaguar.-Translation of Cuvier's Règne Animal.

We shall treat of the panther and leopard conjointly, necessarily so indeed, as the distinctness of the two on the one hand, or the identity of both, subject only to variety on the other, seems still in some degree problematical. The Greeks knew one of these from the time of Homer, which they named Pardalis, as Menelaus is said in the Iliad to have covered himself with the spotted skin of this animal. This they compared, on account of its strength and its cruelty, to the lion, and represented as having its skin varied with spots. Its name even was synonymous with spotted. The Greek translators of the Scriptures used the name Pardalis as synony mous with Namer, which word with a slight modification signifies panther at present among the Arabians. The name Pardalis gave place among the Romans to those of Panthera and Varia. These are the words they used during the two first ages, whenever they had occasion to translate the Greek passages which mentioned the Pardalis, or when they themselves mentioned this animal. They sometimes used the word Pardus either for Pardalis, or for Namer. Pliny even says that Pardus signified the male Panthera or Varia.-Library of Natural History.

Pántheress. s. Female panther: (in the extract used metaphorically for a fierce beauty or beautiful female).

It is to be observed that during all these engage. ments, which take the form in the literary world of a pitched battle, the lady by no means has it her own way. She is employed on her lover's character; but he is, on the other hand, working away at hers. The great thing that he has to do is to tame her... As a matter of sound prudence nobody can doubt that, if a heroine of the beautiful pantheress order will submit to stand still and be tamed, ante-nuptial taming would be a very wise custom, for the simple reason that, if the matrimonial Rarey fails, as a last resource he may decline to lead the untamed pantheress to the altar; whereas, if he succeeds, all is as it should be. We do not profess to know what goes on in the most sentimental circles, but in humble humdrum life there is not probably very much pantheress-taming done during an engagement. . . . Even authoresses seem to accept with perfect equanimity the idea that taming the male panther is out of the question. At the very end he softens down a little, sufficiently perhaps to enable him to forgive the errant beauty, and to restore her to his contidence, but the battle is almost invariably to the strong, and the prigs beat the pantheresses in the long run at hauteur. For the natural mate of the pantheress, in modern stories, is of course the prig.

If one was to judge of women by what we read of them in novels,. one could hardly avoid coming to the conclusion that what all of them (pantheresses included) believe to be the noblest work of heaven, is a good, downright, rather stubborn and unbending prig. — Saturday Review, January 18, 1868. Pántile. s. See Pentile.

It is impossible for people to receive any great benefit from letters, where they are obliged to go to a shard, or an oyster-shell, for information; and where knowledge is confined to a pantile.-Bryant, Analysis of Ancient Mythology, iii. 126.

Pánting. s.

PANT Palpitation.

If I am to lose by sight the soft pantings, which I have always felt, when I heard your voice; pull out these eyes, before they lead me to be ungrateful.-Tatler.

Pántingly, adv. With palpitation.

She heaved the name of father Pantingly forth, as if it prest her heart. Shakespear, King Lear, iv. 3. Pántler. s. [pantler is to pantry as butler is to buttery.] Officer in a great family, who keeps the bread.

When my old wife lived,
She was both pantler, butler, cook.

Shakespear, Winter's Tale, iv. 3. He would have made a good pantler, he would have chipped bread well.-Id., Henry IV. Part II. ii. 4.

Pantofle. s. [Fr.] Slipper.

What pains doth that good holy father take, to lift up his foot so oft to have his pantofle kissed!— Harmar, Translation of Beza's Sermons, p. 377: 1587.

Melpomene has on her feet, her high cothurn or tragick pantofles of red velvet and gold, beset with pearls.-Peacham.

Pántograph. s. [Gr. ypάpw= I write.] Instrument contrived to copy all sorts of drawings and designs: (in the extract inaccurately spelt with an e as if from πÉVTE = five).

Not from any fertility of his own, but from the various ways of doing it, which they have borrowed from the honourable devices which the Pentagraphic Brethren of the brush have shown in taking copies. These you must know, are your great historians.... Pentagraph, an instrument to copy prints and pictures mechanically, and in any proportion.-Sterne, Tristram Shandy, vol. i. ch. xxiii. Pantómeter. s. [Gr. μirpov = measure.] Instrument for measuring all sorts of angles, elevations, and distances. Pántomime. s. [Gr.piuos mimic; mimicry; composition characterised thereby.]

and note.

=

1. One who has the power of universal mimicry; one who expresses his meaning by mute action; buffoon.

I would our pantomimes also and stage-players would examine themselves and their callings by this rule.-Bishop Sanderson, Sermons, p. 202: 1681. Not that I think those pantomimes, Who vary action with the times,

Are less ingenious in their art, Than those who dully act one part.

Butler, Hudibras, iii. 2, 1287.

2. Scene; tale exhibited, only in gesture and dumb-show.

He put off the representation of pantomimes till late hours on market-days.-Arbuthnot.

PAPA

|Pántry. s. [Fr. paneterie; Lat. panarium, from panis = bread.] Breadroom.

The Italian artizans distribute the kitchen,

pantry, bake-house under ground.-Sir H. Wotton, Elements of Architecture.

What work they make in the pantry and the larder.-Sir R. L'Estrange.

He shuts himself up in the pantry with an old gipsy, once in a twelvemonth.-Addison, Spectator. She might have realized, if any one could, the idea of the learned philosopher, who pronounced that sleeping was a fancy, and eating but a habit, and who appeared to the world to have renounced both, until it was unhappily discovered that he had an intrigue with the cook-maid of the family, who indemnified him for his privations by giving him private entrée to the pantry, and to a share of her own couch.-Sir W. Scott, The Pirate, ch. iv. Pap. s. [from Lat. papilla.] Nipple; dug sucked.

Some were so from their source endued,
By great dame nature, from whose fruitful pap
Spenser.
Their well-heads spring.

The

Out, sword, and wound pap of Pyramus. Ay, that left pap, where heart doth hop. Shakespear, Midsummer-Night's Dream, v. 1. An infant making to the paps would press, And meets instead of milk, a falling tear. Dryden. In weaning young creatures, the best way is never to let them suck the paps.-Ray, Wisdom of God manifested in the Works of the Creation. Pap. s. Food made for infants, with bread boiled in water.

The noble soul by age grows lustier; We must not starve, nor hope to pamper her With woman's milk and pap unto the end. Donne. Let the powder, after it has done boiling, be well beaten up with fair water to the consistence of thin pap.-Boyle.

Give, or serve, pap with a hatchet. ? Do a good action in an ungracious manner.

They give us pap with a spoon before we can speak, and when we speak for that we love, pap with a hatchet.-Lyly, Court Comedy. (Nares by H. and W.)

Pap. v. a.

Feed with pap. Rare.

O that his body were not flesh, and fading! But I'll so pap him up: nothing too dear for him. Beaumont and Fletcher, Custom of the Country.

Papá. s.

Waller.

The fruit of the papaw is eaten when cooked, and is esteemed by some persons; but it appears to have little to recommend it. Its great peculiarities are, that the juice of the unripe fruit is a most powerful and efficient vermifuge (the powder of the seed answers the same purpose), and that a constituent of this juice is fibrine, a principle formerly supposed peculiar to the animal kingdom and to fungals. The tree has, moreover, the singular property of rendering the toughest animal substances tender, by causing a separation of the muscular fibre; its very vapour even does this; newly-killed meat suspended among the leaves, and even old hogs and old poultry when fed on the leaves of the fruit, become tender in a few hours.-Lindley, Vegetable Kingdom. Pápboat. s. Small boat-shaped utensil (variety of the Sauceboat) for feeding infants.

A pair of bellows, a pair of pattens, a toastingfork, a kettle, a pap-boat, a spoon for the administration of medicine to the refractory, and lastly, Mrs. Gamp's umbrella, which as something of great price and rarity was displayed with particular ostentation, completed the decorations of the chimneypiece and adjacent wall.-Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit, ch. xlix.

Pape. s. [see Pope.] Priest.

The prayer of the pape so incensed the Scot, that he vowed revenge, and watched the pape with a good cudgel, next day, as he crossed the church-yard, where he beat him.-Carr, Traveller's Guide, p. 190:

1695.

Páper. s. [Lat. papyrus.]

1. Substance on which men write and print, made by macerating linen rags in water, and then grinding them to pulp and spreading them in thin sheets.

I have seen her unlock her closet, take forth paper.-Shakespear, Macbeth, v. 1.

2.

Spiritual father.

3.

'Tis as impossible to draw regular characters on a trembling mind, as on a shaking paper.-Locke, Thoughts on Education.

Deeds of security; bills of reckoning.

He was so careless after bargains, that he never received script of paper of any to whom he sent, nor bond of any for performance of covenants.Fell. They brought a paper to me to be sign'd; Thinking on him, I quite forgot my name. Dryden, Spanish Friar, iii. 3.

adopted brother with an air of profound contemplation after dismissing this piece of pantomime, You are, upon my life, a strange instance of the little frailties that beset a mighty mind.'-Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit, ch. iv.

Used adjectivally.

A pantomime dance may frequently answer the same purpose; and, by representing some adventure in love or war, may seem to give sense and meaning to musick, which might not otherwise appear to have any.-Adam Smith, On the Imitative Arts, pt. ii.

Pantomimic. adj. Connected with, relating to, constituted by, a pantomime.

Pantomimic gesture was amongst the Romans one way of exhibiting a dramatic story.-Warburton, Divine Legation, b. vi. note G. (Rich.)

Pantomímical. adj. Pantomimic.

A more extraordinary attempt was a ballet of proverbs. Before the opera was established in France, the ancient ballets formed the chief amusement of the court, and Louis XIV. himself joined with the performers. The singular attempt of forming a pantomimical dance out of proverbs is quite French: we have a ballet des proverbes dansé par le Roi, in 1654. At every proverb the scene changed, and adapted itself to the subject. I shall give two or three of the entrées, that we may form some notion of these capriccios. The proverb was

Tel menace qui a grand peur. 'He threatens who is afraid." The scene was composed of swaggering scaramouches and some honest cits, who at length beat them off.-I. Disraeli, Curiosities of Literature. Pánton. s. [?] In Farriery. Shoe contrived to re-cover a narrow and hoof-bound

heel.

VOL. II.

He was very fond of literature,' observed Wolf. 'Was he?' said Tigg. 'Oh, yes; he took my paper regularly for many years.'-Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit, ch xxviii.

'My brother has arrived in London.' 'I see that arrival announced in the papers.'-Lord Lytton, My Novel, b. viii. ch. iii.

Páper. adj. Consisting of paper; anything slight or thin.

There is but a thin paper wall between great discoveries and a perfect ignorance of them.-Burnet. Páper. v. a.

1.

Register.

He makes up the file
Of all the gentry. and his own letter...
Must fetch in him the papers.

Shakespear, Henry VIII. i. 1. Hang with paper (as the wall of a room), or paper hangings.

It had not been papered or painted, hadn't Todgers's, within the memory of man.-Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit, ch. viii.

Páper-crédit. s. [two words.] Property circulated by means of any written paper obligation.

Blest paper-credit! last and best supply, That lends corruption lighter wings to fly; Gold, imp'd by thee, can compass hardest things, Can pocket states, can fetch or carry kings. Pope, Moral Essays, iii. 38. Paper-kíte. s. [two words.] Paper machine to resemble a kite in the air.

He [Arbuthnot] was so neglectful of his writings, that his children ore his manuscripts, and made

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paper-kites of them.-J. Warton, Essay on the Writings and Genius of Pope. Páperfaced. adj. Having a face as white as paper.

Better thou hadst struck thy mother, thou paperfaced villain.-Shakespear, Henry IV. Part II. v. 4. Pápermill. s. Mill in which rags are ground for paper.

Thou hast caused printing to be used; and contrary to the king, and his dignity, thou hast built a paper-mill.-Shakespear, Henry VI. Part II. iv. 7. Pápermoney. s. Bills of exchange, bank and promissory notes.

Whether the abuse of banks and paper-money is a just objection against the use thereof?-Bishop Berkeley, Querist, § 219. Papéscent. adj. Containing pap; inclined to pap. Rare.

Demulcent, and of easy digestion, moistening and resolvent of the bile, are vegetable sopes; as honey, and the juices of ripe fruits, some of the cooling, lactescent papescent plants; as cichory and lettuce. -Arbuthnot, On the Nature and Choice of Aliments. Pápess. 8. Female pope, i.e. the fictitious Pope Joan, or the Papess: (as such a proper rather than a common name). Rare. The man, as ill as he loves marriage, will needs make a match betwixt his Gratian's pope Stephen and his pope Joan. Io Hymen! Was ever man so mad to make himself pastime with his own shame? Was the history of that their monstrous papess of our making?-Bishop Hall, Honour of the married Clergy, p. 196.

Papier-maché. s. [Fr.] See extract.

Papier-maché [is] a name given to articles manufactured of the pulp of paper, or of old paper ground up into a pulp, with other materials, and moulded into various forms.... It is lighter, more durable, and less brittle and liable to damage than plaster, and admits of being coloured, gilt, or otherwise ornamented. Another material, similar to papiermaché and extensively used, is called carton pierre. Another kind of papier maché consists of sheets of paper pasted or glued and powerfully pressed together, so as to acquire when dry the hardness of board, and yet to admit, while moist, of curvature and flexure; teatrays, waiters, snuff-boxes, and similar articles are thus prepared, and afterwards carefully covered by japan or other varnishes, and often beautifully ornamented by figures or landscapes and other devices, &c., inlaid occasionally with mother of pearl. A mixture of sulphate of iron, quicklime, and glue, or white of egg, with the pulp for papier mâché, renders it to a great extent waterproof; and the further addition of borax and phosphate of soda contributes to make it almost fireproof.-Brande and Cox, Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art.

Papilio. s. Lat. papilio, -onis.] Butterfly. In Entomology the Papilionida are opposed to the Moths; the two forming the diurnal, or day-flying, and the nocturnal and crepuscular (night-flying and twilight) divisions of the Lepidoptera.

Conjecture cannot estimate all the kinds of papilios, natives of this island, to fall short of three hundred.-Ray.

Papilionaceous. adj. Having the nature,

2.

3.

4.

5.

popery. Rare.

Protestants cut off the authority from all papized writers of that age.-Fuller, Holy War, p. 160.

Páppous. adj. Having a pappus.

Another thing argumentative of providence is, that pappous plumage growing upon the tops of some seeds, whereby they are wafted with the wind, and by that means disseminated far and wide.-Ray, On the Wisdom of God manifested in the Works of the Creation.

Pappous [is] having that soft light down, growing out of the seeds of some plants; such as thistles, dandelyon, hawk-weeds, which buoys them up so in the air, that they can be blown any where about with the wind; and, therefore, this distinguishes one kind of plants, which is called papposa or papposi flores.-Quincy.

Of the tongue.

Of the gums.

The dentinal pulp is always the first developed part of the matrix; and it makes its appearance in the form of a papilla, budding out from the free surface of a fold or groove of the mucous membrane

of the mouth. The substance of this papilla at first consists, according to Mr. Tomes, of a very delicate areolar tissue composed of delicate fibres and bands, whose meshes are occupied with a thick clear homogeneous fluid or plasina, scattered through which are a number of nucleated cells, the whole being enclosed in a dense, structureless, pellucid membrane.-Dr. Carpenter, Principles of Human Physiology, § 279.

Pápillary. adj. of paps.

Having the form or nature

Malpighi concludes, because the outward cover of the tongue is perforated, under which lie papillary parts, that in these the taste lieth.-Derham, Physico-Theology.

Nutritious materials, that slip through the defective papillary strainers.-Sir R. Blackmore. Papillote. s. [Fr.] Curlpaper.

'I-I must have leave of absence. I must go to England-on the most urgent private affairs,' Dobbin said. Good heavens, what has happened!' thought Glorvina, trembling with all the papillotes. -Thackeray, Vanity Fair.

or form, of a butterfly: (especially applied Papillous. adj. Papillary.
in Botany to certain plants like the com-
mon pea).

The flowers of some plants are called papilionaceous by botanists, which represent something of the figure of a butterfly, with its wings displayed: and here the petala, or flower leaves, are always of a diform figure: they are four in number, but joined together at the extremities; one of these is usually larger than the rest, and is erected in the middle of the flower, and by some called vexillum: the plants that have this flower, are of the leguminous kind; as peas, vetches, &c.-Quincy.

All leguminous plants are, as the learned say, papilionaceous, or bear butterflied flowers.-Harte.

One [irregular polypetalous Corolla] of the most prominent of this class is the papilionaceous' flower, composed of five petals; which, however, are

The papillous inward coat of the intestines is extremely sensible.-Arbuthnot, On the Nature and Choice of Aliments.

Pápism. s. Popery.

The place is long, which deserves to be read for the objection of the universality of Arianism, like to that of papism in these last ages.-Bishop Bedell, Letters, p. 423.

Pápist. s. One who adheres to the communion of the pope and church of Rome.

The principal clergyman had frequent conferences with the prince, to persuade him to change his religion, and become a papist.-Lord Clarendon, History of the Grand Rebellion.

Papístic. adj. Popish; adherent to popery. Ornamenting service-books for the old papistick worship.-T. Warton, History of English Poetry,

iii. 145.

not always free at their base; but in a few cases cohere by their claws into a tube. The large single petal is termed the 'standard' the two lateral, the wings;' and the two others, which often cohere into one, form the keel.' These flowers belong exclu-Papístical. adj. Papistic. sively to certain groups of the extensive order 'Le- There are some papistical practitioners among guminosa,' of which beans and peas are familiar you.-Archbishop Whitgift. examples.-Henslow, Principles of Descriptive and Papistry. s. Popery; doctrine of the Romish Physiological Botany, § 95. church.

Pápilla. s. [Lat.] Small pap: (of common use in Anatomy).

1. As applied to certain parts of the mucous membrane.

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Papistry, as a standing pool, covered and overflowed all England.-Ascham, Schoolmaster.

A great number of parishes in England consist of rude and ignorant inen, drowned in papistry.— Archbishop Whitgift.

belonging to the natural order Compositæ.

From such causes as these, we find the leaves of a tree gradually dwindling into membranous scales; the calyx of the florets in the Compositæ becoming a downy pappus.-Henslow, Principles of Descriptive and Physiological Botany, pt. i. § 117.

Páppy. adj. Soft; succulent; easily divided.

These were converted into fens, where the ground being spungy, sucked up the water, and the loosened earth swelled into a soft and pappy substance.-T. Burnet, Theory of the Earth.

Its tender and pappy flesh cannot, at once, be fitted to be nourished by solid diet.-Ray, On the Wisdom of God manifested in the Works of the Creation.

Pápulæ. s. [Lat.] In Nosology. See ex

tract.

That author [Dr. Willan], whose works have been augmented by Dr. Bateman, so that, perhaps, I ought to say those' authors-divides cutaneous diseases into eight orders, distinguished from each other solely by their appearance on the skin.... The first... of the appearances described by Dr. Willan are papulce; pimples. These are little elevations of the cuticle of a red colour, and solid; not containing, I mean, any fluid. They are of uncertain duration, and often terminate in scurf. They are supposed to denote inflammation of the papille of the skin.-Sir T. Watson, Lectures on the Principles and Practice of Physic, lect. lxxxiii.

Pápular. adj. Consisting of, determined by papulæ. In Medicine there is a group of papulous skin diseases.

If you wish for an example of a papular eruption, look at that of the small-pox, at its very earliest outbreak.-Sir T. Watson, Lectures on the Principles and Practice of Physic, lect. lxxxii.

Papyrus. s. [Lat.; Gr. úπVOOÇ.]

1. Egyptian plant so called, used for writing

2.

on.

One reason, writes the learned compiler of L'Esprit des Croisades, why we have lost a great number of ancient authors, was the conquest of Egypt by the Saracens, which deprived Europe of the use of the papyrus. The ignorance of that age could find no substitute; they knew no other expedient but writing on parchment, which became every day more scarce and costly.-I. Disraeli, Curiosities of Literature, Recovery of Manuscripts.

It is evident that the papyrus plant from its great value and from its exclusive cultivation in certain districts, where it was a government monopoly, could not have been applied to the many purposes mentioned in ancient authors; we may therefore conclude that several plants of the genus Cyperus were comprehended under the head of byblus or papyrus. This is not only in accordance with probability, from from their general resemblance, but is expressly stated by Strabo, who says that much grows in the lower part of the Delta, where one kind is of an inferior, and the other of a superior quality, and this last is known by the distinctive appellation of hieratic byblus. That the profits arising from its sale may be increased, they have adopted the same plan which was devised in Judæa, regarding the date-tree and balsam, permitting it to grow only in certain places; so that its rarity increasing its value, they benefit themselves at the expense of the community.-Sir Gardner Wilkinson, Ancient Egypt, vol. iii. p. 61.

Manuscript on the same.

Par. s. [Lat. equal.] State of equality; equivalence; equal value.

To estimate the par, it is necessary to know how much silver is in the coins of the two countries, by which you charge the bill of exchange.-Locke. Exchequer bills are below par.-Swift. Pára- as a prefix in composition. [Gr. #apà =by, along.] With the notion of parallellism, real or approximate, that of deviation from the straight line is connected; hence that of divergence, contrariety.