ment.

511

the newly created port of East Jersey, became its seat of govern- | masters before leaving the mother country, and "free willers," who allowed themselves to be sold after reaching America, in Between East and West Jersey certain political and religious order to reimburse the ship captain for the cost of their passage. differences developed. The former, settled largely by people the latter by Quakers. In East Jersey, as in New England, from New England and Long Island, was dominated by Puritans; the township became a vigorous element of local government; in West Jersey the county became the unit. Important events Whitefield in 1739 and the following years, and the chartering of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) in 1746, in the period of royal government were the preaching of George and of Queen's (now Rutgers) College in 1766. The colony gave many proofs of its loyalty to the mother country: it furnished three companies of troops for Admiral Vernon's unfortunate expedition against Cartagena in 1741; in King George's War it raised £2000 for supplies, furnished troops for Albany; and in the French and Indian (or Seven Years') War the capture of Louisburg and sent over six hundred men to its militia participated in the capture of both Quebec and Havana. Against England the colony had fewer grievances Act and the subsequent efforts to tax tea aroused great opposithan did some of its more commercial neighbours, but the Stamp tion. In 1774 occurred the "Greenwich Tea Party."

After his accession to the throne in 1685, James II. showed an unyielding determination to annul the privileges of the colonies, and to unite New York, New Jersey and the New England colonies under a single government. save their rights in the soil, the proprietors of East and West In order, therefore, to Jersey offered to surrender their claims to jurisdiction, and to this arrangement the king consented. Andros, previously appointed viceroy of New England, thereupon received a new commission extending his authority over New York and the Jerseys, and in August 1688 he formally annexed these provinces to the Dominion of New England. The seizure of Andros by the people of Boston in April 1689, following the news of the revolt in England against James II., gave the Jersey proprietors an opportunity to resume their rights, but the proprietary governments regained their former footing very slowly. The proprietors were widely separated-some being in America, some in England and others in Scotland--and unity of action was impracticable. For three years there was little or no government in the Jerseys, beyond the measures taken by local officers for preserving the peace.

In 1692 an important change occurred in the administrative system through the appointment of Andrew Hamilton (d. 1703) as governor of both East and West Jersey. In 1697 a faction opposed to Hamilton secured his removal and the appointment of their partisan, Jeremiah Basse. The opposition in the two colonies to Basse became so formidable that he was removed in 1699 and Hamilton was reappointed. elements thereupon refused to recognize his authority, on the Certain disaffected ground that his appointment had not received the required approval of the crown, and for a time the condition of the provinces bordered on anarchy. These disorders, and especially complaints against the Jerseys as centres of illegal trade, were brought to the attention of King William and his lawyers contended that as only the king could convey powers of government those exercised by the Jersey proprietors, derived as they were from the duke of York, were without sufficient warrant. Moreover, the inhabitants sent petitions to England, praying that they might be placed under the direct control of the crown. The proprietors of East Jersey had already offered to surrender their jurisdiction, in return for certain concessions by the royal government, but no action had been taken. In 1701 the proprietors of both provinces made another proposal, which was accepted, and in April 1702 all rights of jurisdiction were transferred to the crown, while the rights to the soil remained in the proprietors. The provinces of East and West Jersey were then united under a government similar to that of the other royal provinces. Until 1738 the governor of New York was also governor of New Jersey; after that date each colony had its own governor. The legislature met alternately at Burlington and Perth Amboy, until 1790, when Trenton was selected as the capital of the state.

The next four decades were years of development disturbed, however, by friction between the assembly and the royal governors, and by bitter disputes, accompanied by much rioting, with the proprictors concerning land-titles (1744-1749). Independence of the absentee landlords was again claimed by virtue of the grants made by Nicolls nearly a century before. Agriculture at this time was the main pursuit. The climate was more temperate and the soil more fertile than that of New England; but there were similar small farms and no marked tendencies towards the plantation system of the southern colonies. Slavery had been introduced by the Dutch and Swedes, and from the time of the earliest English occupation had been legally recognized. East Jersey had a fugitive slave law as early as 1675. With the exception of laying an import duty no legislative effort was made nor is it likely that any would have been allowed by the crown-to restrict the importation of slaves during the colonial period. In addition to African and Indian slaves there was the class known as "redemptioners," or term slaves, consisting of indented servants, who bound themselves to their

1775. From the 26th of May to the 2nd of July 1776 the second provincial congress met at Burlington, Trenton and New BrunsThe last colonial assembly of New Jersey met in November wick and for a time became the supreme governing power. By of Benjamin Franklin) was arrested and deported to Connecticut, its orders the royal governor, William Franklin (the natural son where he remained a prisoner for two years, until exchanged and taken to New York under British protection. Following the recommendation of the Continental Congress, that the colonies also drafted a provincial constitution, which, without being should create independent governments, the provincial congress submitted to the people, was published on the 3rd of July 1776; it contained the stipulation that "if a reconciliation between be taken again under the protection of the crown of Britain, this Great Britain and these colonies should take place, and the latter inviolable." On the 20th of September 1777 it was amended by charter shall be null and void-otherwise to remain firm and the New Jersey legislature, the words "state" and "states" being substituted for the words "colony" (or "province") Continental army, but the divided sentiment of the people is. and "colonies." The state furnished a full quota for the shown by the fact that six battalions of loyalists were also organized. Tories were active in New Jersey throughout the struggle; among them were bands known as who hid in the pines or along the dunes by day and made their raids at night. In the state were fought some of the most 66 Pine Robbers," important engagements of the war. When Washington, in the autumn of 1776, was no longer able to hold the lower Hudson seizing every boat for miles up the river he placed his dispirited he retreated across New Jersey to the Delaware near Trenton and troops on the opposite side and left the pursuing army no means of crossing. With about 2500 men he recrossed the Delaware of Hessians at Trenton the next morning, and took 1000 prisoners on the night of the 25th of December, surprised three regiments and 1000 stands of arms. In a series of movements following Cornwallis, and on the 3rd of January 1776, defeated a detachup this success he outgeneraled the British commander, Lord ment of his army at Princeton (q.v.). The American army then British army wintered at New Brunswick. To protect the went into winter quarters at Morristown, while a part of the Creek on the lower Delaware. In the summer of 1774 the captain of the ship" Greyhound," bound for Philadelphia with a cargo of tea. 1 Greenwich then had some importance as a port on Cohansey and stored his tea there in a cellar on account of the state of opinion in that city, put in at Greenwich cellar and made a bonfire of the tea. All attempts to punish the the night of the 22nd of November, when a band of about 40 men It remained undisturbed till, offenders were futile. dressed as Indians, in imitation of the Boston party, broke into the

same county." These and the property qualifications for suffrage, which was granted to "all inhabitants of this state, of full age, who are worth fifty pounds proclamation money, clear estate in the same," &c., were soon considered undemocratic; and the democratic tendency of certain election officers may be seen from their construing the words "all inhabitants of full age" to include women, and from their permitting women to vote. The governor was chosen by the joint vote of the council and assembly; he was president of the council, with a casting vote; he was chancellor, captain-general and commander-in-chief of the militia; he had three members of the legislature to act as a privy-council; and he, with the council (of which seven formed a quorum), constituted "the Court of Appeals in the last resort in all causes of law, as heretofore," which, in addition, had "the power of granting pardons to criminals, after condemnation, in all cases of treason, felony or other offences."

inhabitants of the Raritan Valley from British foraging parties | pounds proclamation money, in real and personal estate, in the General Benjamin Lincoln with 500 men was by Washington's orders stationed at Bound Brook, but on the 13th of April 1777 Lincoln was surprised by a force of about 4000 men under Cornwallis, and although he escaped with small loss it was only by remarkably rapid movements. When the British had gained possession of Philadelphia, in September 1777, their communication between that city and the ocean through the Lower Delaware was obstructed on the New Jersey side by Fort Mercer, commanded by Colonel Christopher Greene, at Red Bank; three battalions of Hessians under Colonel Karl Emil Kurt von Donop attacked the fort on the 22nd of October, but they were repulsed with heavy loss. The fort was abandoned later, however. As the British army under General Clinton was retreating, in June | 1778, from Philadelphia to New York, the American army engaged it in the battle of Monmouth (June 28, 1778); the result was indecisive, but that the British were not badly defeated was ascribed to the conduct of General Charles Lee. Before daylight on the 19th of August 1779 was approaching, Major Henry Lee with a force of about 400 men surprised the British garrison at Paulus Hook, where Jersey City now stands, and, although sustaining a loss of 20 men, killed 50 of the garrison and took about 160 prisoners. In 1779-1780 Morristown was again Washington's headquarters. The Congress of the Confederation met in Princeton, in Nassau Hall, which still stands, from June to November 1783.

After the war New Jersey found its commercial existence threatened by New York and Philadelphia, and it was a feeling of weakness from this cause rather than any lack of state pride that caused the state to join in the movements for a closer Federal Union. In 1786 New Jersey sent delegates to the Annapolis Convention, which was the forerunner of the Federal Convention at Philadelphia in the following year. In the latter body, on the 15th of June, one of the New Jersey delegates, William Paterson (1745-1806), presented what was called the "New Jersey plan" of union, representing the wishes of the smaller states, which objected to representation in a national Congress being based on wealth or on population. This merely federal plan, reported from a Conference attended by the delegates from Connecticut, New York and Delaware, as well as those from New Jersey (and by Luther Martin of Maryland), consisted of nine resolutions; the first was that "the Articles of Confederation ought to be so revised, corrected and enlarged as to render the federal Constitution adequate to the exigencies of government and the preservation of the Union"; and the actual "plan" was for a single legislative body, in which each state should be represented by one member, and which should elect the supreme court and have power to remove the executive (a Council), to lay taxes and import duties, to control commerce, and even, if necessary, to make requisitions for funds from the states. Madison opposed the plan, on the ground that it would not prevent violations by the states of treaties and of laws of nations. On the first resolution only there was a definite vote; on the 19th of June it was voted to postpone the consideration of this resolution and to report the resolutions (the Virginia plan) formerly agreed upon by the committee of the whole. The New Jersey plan left its impress in the provision of the Constitution (approved in the Convention on the 7th of July) for equal representation in the national Senate. The Federal Constitution was ratified by a unanimous vote in the state convention which met at Trenton on the 18th of December 1787.

The state's own constitution, which had been adopted in 1776 and amended in 1777, retained, like other state constitutions framed during the War of Independence, many features of colonial government ill-adapted to a state increasingly democratic. The basis of representation, each county electing three members to the assembly and one member to the legislative council, soon became antiquated. The property qualifications were, for members of the council, "one thousand pounds proclamation money, of real and personal estate, in the same county," and, for members of the assembly, "five hundred

In 1838 the opposition to the governor's extensive powers under the constitution was greatly increased in the "Broad Seal" or Great Seal "War. After a closely contested election in which six members of Congress were chosen on a general ticket, although there was an apparent Democratic majority of about one hundred votes (in a total of 57,000), two county clerks rejected as irregular sufficient returns from townships to elect five Whig candidates to whom the state board of canvassers (mostly Whigs and headed by the Whig seal of the state. Excluding these five members from New Jersey governor, William Pennington) gave commissions under the broad the House of Representatives contained 119 Democrats and 118 Whigs, so that the choice of a Whig speaker could be secured only by the seating of the five Whigs from New Jersey rather than their Democratic rivals. It was decided that only members whose seats were not contested should vote for speaker, and Robert M. T. Hunter, of Virginia, a Democrat and a compromise candidate, was elected to the position; and on the 28th of February 1839 the Democratic candidates were admitted to their seats, to which a congressional committee, reporting afterwards, declared them entitled.1

Agitation for constitutional reform resulted in a constitutional convention, which met at Trenton from the 14th of May to the 29th of June 1844 and drafted a new frame of government, introducing a number of radical changes. This instrument was ratified at the polls on the 13th of August. The election of the governor was taken from the legislature and given to the people; the powers of government were distributed among legislative, executive and judicial departments; representation in the assembly was based on population; and the property qualification for membership in the legislature and for the suffrage was abolished.

The constitution of 1844 declared that "All men are by nature free and independent, and have certain unalienable rights, among which are those of enjoying and defending life and liberty... and of pursuing and obtaining safety and happiness." A similar clause in the constitution of Massachusetts had been interpreted by the courts as an abolition of slavery, and an effort was made to have the same ruling applied in New Jersey, where the institution of slavery still existed. The courts, however, declared that the clause in the constitution of New Jersey was a general proposition," not applying to man in his private, industrial or domestic capacity." An attempt at abolition had previously been made in 1804 by an act declaring that every child born of a slave should be free, but should remain the servant of its mother's owner until twenty-five years of age if a male or twenty-one years of age if a female. The owner of the mother, however, might abandon the child after a year, and it then became a public charge. This last provision produced such a heavy drain on the treasury for the support of abandoned negro children that in 1811 the statute was repealed. In 1846 an until discharged by their owners, and providing that children of act was passed designating slaves as apprentices bound to service

1 The election to the U.S. Senate in 1865 of John Potter Stockton (1826-1900), a great-grandson of Richard Stockton, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, created hardly less excitement than the Broad Seal War. The state legislature which elected him senator did so by a plurality vote, having previously passed a resolution changing the vote requisite to choose a senator from a majority to a plurality vote. He took his seat in the Senate and his election was upheld by the Senate committee on the judiciary, whose report was adopted (26 March 1866) by a vote of 22 to 21, his own vote carrying the motion; but, because of the objection of Charles Sumner, he withdrew his vote on the 27th of March, and was thereupon unseated by a vote of 23 to 21.

44

"

sylvania the right to connect New York and Philadelphia. In 1876 the national line was extended to Bound Brook (as the Delaware & Bound Brook) and this road, the North Pennsylvania & Central Railroad of New Jersey, were operated under a tripartite agreement as a through line between New York and Philadelphia; but in 1879 these three lines were leased for 990 years to the Philadelphia & Reading railway. The state itself then became engaged in a struggle with the railways in order to secure from them their full portion of taxes, as the

Toward the political questions that disturbed the American people immediately before the Civil War the attitude of the state was conservative. In 1852 the Free-soil candidate for the presidency received only 350 votes in New Jersey; and in 1856 the Democratic candidate received a plurality of 18,605 votes, even though William L. Dayton, a citizen of the state, was the Repub-property of individuals was then taxed many times as heavily lican nominee for the vice-presidency. In 1860 three of the as that of railways. In 1884 the state gained the victory by state's electoral votes were given to Douglas and four to Lincoln. securing the passage of a law taxing the franchises of railway During the Civil War New Jersey furnished 89,305 men for the corporations. Union cause and incurred extraordinary expenditures to the amount of $2,894,385. The state readily consented to the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Federal Constitution, but in 1868 withdrew its consent to the latter. The Fifteenth Amendment was rejected by one legislature, but was accepted by its successor, in which the Republican party had obtained a majority.

Industrially the early part of the 19th century was marked in New Jersey by the construction of bridges and turnpikes,

the utilization of water power for manufactures, and the introduction of steam motive power upon the navigable waters. The second war with England interrupted this material progress, and at its beginning was so unpopular, especially with the Quakers, that the Federalists carried the elections in the autumn of 1812. But the attempt of this party to retain control by a "gerrymandering" process was unsuccessful. The Democrats were triumphant in 1813, and the Federalist as well as the Democratic administration responded with aid for the defence of New York and Philadelphia. The state also contributed several hundred men to the service of the United States. Material progress in New Jersey after the war is indicated by the construction of the Morris (1824-1836) and the Delaware & Raritan (1826-1838) canals, and the completion of its first railway, the Camden & Amboy, in 1834.

The years following the Civil War were marked by great industrial development. The numerous projects, good and bad, that were inaugurated in 1866-1875, and the various kinds of laws and charters conferring special privileges that were secured, led to the constitutional prohibition of special legislation already mentioned. In this same period there was a bitter railway war. The Delaware & Raritan Canal Company and the Camden & Amboy Railroad Company, both chartered in 1830 and both monopolies,' had been practically consolidated in 1831; in 1836 these joint companies gained control of the Philadelphia & Trenton railway; in 1867 these "United New Jersey Railroad & Canal Companies" consolidated with the New Jersey Railroad & Transportation Company (which was opened in 1836 and controlled the important railway link between New Brunswick and Jersey City), and profits were to be divided equally between the four companies; and in 1871 these entire properties were leased for 999 years to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. This combination threatened to monopolize traffic, and it was opposed by the Central Railroad of New. Jersey, the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western, and a branch of the North Pennsylvania (from Jenkintown to Yardley; sometimes called the "national " or air-line "), and by the general public; and in 1873 the state passed a general railway law giving other railways than the United New Jersey holdings of the Penn

In 1864 a bill was introduced in the Federal House of Representatives making the Camden & Atlantic (now the Atlantic City) railway and the Raritan & Delaware Bay (now a part of the Central of New Jersey) a post route between New York and Philadelphia and authorizing these railways to carry passengers and freight between New York and Philadelphia. Thereupon the governor and legislature of New Jersey protested that such a measure was an infringement of the reserved rights of the state, since the state had contracted with the Camden & Amboy not to construct nor to authorize others to construct within a specified time any other railway across the state to be used for carrying passengers or freight between New York and Philadelphia.

A reform movement in politics, called the "New Idea," and led by Everett Colby (b. 1874), then a Republican member of the Assembly and in 1906-1908 a state senator, began in 1904; it did much to secure the passage of acts limiting public service franchises to 20 years (unless extended to 40 years by the voters of the municipality concerned), the increase of taxes on railways, the increase of franchise tax rates by 14% each year up to 5%, the adoption of direct primary elections, and the modification of the existing promoters' liability law.

Before 1800 the state was dominated by the Federalist party; from that date until 1896 it was generally controlled by the Democrats, and from 1896 to 1911 by the Republicans. The governors of New Jersey have been as follows: GOVERNORS: UNDER THE PROPRIETORS

515

England) Missionary Society was founded, chiefly to provide preachers for the smaller churches in its area; in 1857 a National Pennsylvania, U.S.A., on the Allegheny river, 18 m. N.E. of NEW KENSINGTON, a borough of Westmoreland county, Missionary Institution was founded and endowed, to which Pittsburg. Pop. (1900) 4665 (1042 foreign-born and 86 nemost of the local ones have been affiliated. Other denominational groes); (1910) 7707. It is served by the Pennsylvania railroad agencies have been concerned with the printing and circulation and by electric railways to neighbouring towns. There are a of Swedenborgian literature, a training college for the ministry variety of manufactures. The borough was founded in 1891 (founded in 1852), and a Ministers' Aid Fund (1854), and an Orphanage (1881). The centenary of the New Church as a and was incorporated in the following year. spiritual system was celebrated in 1857, as an external organiza-English chemist, was born in 1838. He was one of the first, if NEWLANDS, JOHN tion in 1883. A few Swedenborgians still hold to the nonALEXANDER REINA (1838-1898), separating policy, but more from force of circumstances than from among the chemical elements. His earliest contribution to the not quite the first, to propound the conception of periodicity deliberate principle. The constitution of the New Church is of question took the form of a letter published in the Chemical News the Independent Congregational type; the conference may in February 1863. In the succeeding year he showed, in the advise and counsel, but cannot compel the obedience of the same journal, that if the elements be arranged in the order of their societies. The returns for 1909 showed 45 ministers, 8 recog- atomic weights, those having consecutive numbers frequently nized leaders, 10 recognized missionaries, 70 societies, 6665 either belong to the same group or occupy similar positions in registered members, 7907 Sunday scholars. There are also five different groups, and he pointed out that each eighth element or six small societies not connected with the conference. starting from a given one is in this arrangement a kind of reThe Law of Octaves thus enunciated was at first ignored or petition of the first, like the eighth note of an octave in music. consideration, but the idea, subsequently elaborated by D. I. treated with ridicule as a fantastic notion unworthy of serious Mendeléeff and other workers into the Periodic Law, has taken its place as one of the most important generalizations in modern chemical theory. Newlands, who was of Italian extraction on his mother's side, and fought as a volunteer in the cause of Italian freedom under Garibaldi in 1860, died in London on the 29th of July 1898. He collected his various papers on the atomicity of the elements in a little volume on the Discovery of the Periodic Law published in London in 1884.

The New Church in Europe.-In Sweden the Philanthropic Exegetic Society was formed by C. F. Nordenskiold in 1786 to collect documents about Swedenborg and to publish his writings. The introduction of alchemy and mesmerism led to its dissolution in 1789, but its work was continued by the society "Pro fide et charitate," which existed from 1796 to 1820. For many years the works of Swedenborg and his followers were proscribed, and receivers of his writings fined or deprived of office, but in 1866, when religious liberty had made the society of Confessors of the New Church was formed in the cause was again taken up; in 1875 Stockholm, and since 1877 services have been regularly held. There is also a church in Gothenburg, and lectures are given from time to time in most of the towns of Sweden. In Norway there is no New Church organization; in Denmark a church was founded in Copenhagen in 1871. In Germany Prelate Oetinger of Württemberg translated many of Swedenborg's writings between 1765 and 1786, but the great name is that of Immanuel Tafel (d. 1863), librarian of Tübingen, who not only edited, translated and published, but in 1848 founded a "Union of the New Church in Germany and Switzerland" which held quarterly meetings. There is a church in Berlin, but otherwise activity in Germany has taken shape in the German Swedenborg Society with headquarters at Stuttgart. In Switzerland, on the contrary, there is an organized body of the New Church; divine service being held in the Society at Zürich and by circles at Berne, Herisau and Nesslau. The Zürich pastor is a member of the American Convention, and has oversight also of the Austrian societies at Vienna and Trieste. In Hungary there are societies at Buda Pesth and Gyorkony. In France there were early Sweden. borgians of rank and learning, and much translation was accomplished before 1800. About 1838 J. F. E. Le Boys de Guays began his masterly translation of all Swedenborg's theological works and instituted public New Church worship, which was carried on at his house for thirty years. Sunday worship is now held in the New Church Temple on the Rue Thouin. (The Hague), Belgium (Antwerp and Bruges), there are small In Italy (Rome), Holland societies, and nearly every European country has some known adherents. In America. About 1784 James Glen, a London Scot, delivered lectures "For the Sentimentalists delphia and Boston and circulated some of Swedenborg's works. on the new doctrine in PhilaFrancis Bailey, state printer of Pennsylvania, was attracted by them and became active in their promulgation. During the next ten years a number of prominent men gave their support to the teaching, which gradually spread inland and southward. The first society for worship was formed in Baltimore in 1792 (reorganized 1798), though a short-lived one had preceded it at Halifax, N.S., in 1791. Other churches grew up in Philadelphia, Cincinnati, Boston and New York, and the General Convention, which meets annually, was formed at Philadelphia in 1817. In 1907 there were 102 ministers and 103 societies with a membership of 6560. Of these, 4 societies and 140 members are in Canada, while the German Synod counts for 11 societies, and 325 members.

In Australia, &c.-The formation of societies in Australia began at Adelaide in 1844. Melbourne and Sydney followed in 1854, Brisbane in 1865, Rodborough, Vict., in 1878. There is a circle at Perth. New Zealand has a church at Auckland (1883) and scattered members in the south island. An Australasian conference met at Melbourne in 1881 and has continued to meet in alternate years. There is a society at Mauritius, and correspondents in various parts of South and West Africa, India, Japan, the West Indies and South America.

See L. P. Mercer, The New Jerusalem in the World's Religious
Congresses of 1893 Minutes of the General Conference of the New
Church (annual); Journal of the Annual Session of the General
Convention of the New Jerusalem in the United States of America.
(A. J. G.)

seats of New London county, Connecticut, U.S.A., coextensive with the township of New London, in the S.E. part of the state, NEW LONDON, a city, port of entry, and one of the countyIsland Sound. Pop. (1890) 13,757; (1900) 17,548, of whom on the Thames river, about 3 m. from its entrance into Long by the New York, New Haven & Hartford, and the New London Northern (leased by the Central Vermont) railways, by electric 3743 were foreign-born; (1910 census) 19,659. It is served railway to Norwich, Westerly, Groton, Stonington and East Lyme, by a daily line of passenger steamboats to New York City, and by two lines of freight steamers, and in the summer months by daily steamboats to Sag Harbor and Greenport, Long Island, and Watch Hill and Block Island, Rhode Island. New London's harbour is the best on the Sound. The city is the headquarters of a United States artillery district, embracing Fort H. G. Wright York, Fort Terry on Plum Island, New York, and Fort Mansfield on Fisher's Island, New York, Fort Michie on Gull Island, New on Napatree Point, Rhode Island-fortifications which command the eastern entrance to Long Island Sound; and it is the headThird District of the Lighthouse Department. The harbour was quarters of the Third District of the U.S. Engineers and of the formerly defended by two forts, both now obsoleto-Fort Trumbull on the right bank of the Thames, and Fort Griswold on the left bank, in the township of Groton (pop. 1900, 5962). The city is built on a declivity facing the south-east; from the higher points' there are excellent views of Long Island Sound and the surrounding country. New London is a summer resort, between Harvard and Yale universities are annually rowed on and is a station of the New York Yacht Club; the boat races the river near the city. Among the places of interest are the with the town; the Hempstead Mansion, built by John HempTown Mill, built in 1650 by John Winthrop, Jr., in co-operation stead about 1678; the old cemetery, north-east of the city, laid out in 1653; a school house in which Nathan Hale taught; and a court house built in 1785. There is a public library (about (incorporated 1870) has an historical library. There are two 30,000 volumes), and the New London County Historical Society Williams Memorial Institute (1891) for girls, and an endowed Manual Training and Industrial School (1872), all offering free endowed high schools, the Bulkeley School for boys and the instruction. In the 18th century New London had a large trade in lumber, flour and food supplies with the West Indies, Gibraltar