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Quadratus QUADRATUS, in Anatomy, a name given to sevehe that has manill or basto only is obliged to play it; Quadrille. ral muscles on account of their square figure. See it is the same of manill basto, with respect to the supeQuadrille. ANATOMY, Table of the Muscles. rior matadore always forcing the inferior. Though there are properly but three matadores, nevertheless all those trumps which follow the three first without interruption, are likewise called matadores; but the three first only enjoy the privilege above mentioned.

QUADREL, in Building, a kind of artificial stone, so called from its being perfectly square. The quadrels are made of a chalky earth, &c. and dried in the shade for two years. These were formerly in great request among the Italian architects.

QUADRIGA, in Antiquity, a car or chariot drawn by four horses. On the reverses of medals, we frequently see the emperor or Victory in a quadriga, holding the reins of the horses; whence these coins are, among the curious, called nummi quadrigati, and vic

toriati.

QUADRILATERAL, in Geometry, a figure whose perimeter consists of four sides and four angles; whence it is also called a quadrangular figure.

QUADRILLE, a little troop or company of cavaliers, pompously dressed, and mounted for the performance of carousals, justs, tournaments, runnings at the ring, and other gallant divertisements.

QUADRILLE, a game played by four persons, with 40 cards; which are the remains of a pack after the four tens, nines, and eights are discarded; these are dealt three and three, and one round four, to the righthand player; and the trump is made by him that plays with or without calling, by naming spades, clubs, diamonds, or hearts, and the suit named is tramps. If the person who names the trump should mistake, and say spades instead of clubs, or if he name two suite, the first named is the trump.

In this game the order of the cards, according to their natural value, is as follows: of hearts and diamonds, king, queen, knave, ace, deuce, three, four, five, six, seven in all 10 of spades and clubs, king, queen, knave, seven, six, five, four, three, deuce; in all 9. The reason why the ace of spades and ace of clubs are not mentioned, is, because they are always trumps in whatever suit that is played. The ace of spades being always the first, and the ace of clubs the third trump, for the cards ranked according to their value when trumps stand in the following order.

Hearts and diamonds, SPADILL, or the ace of spades; MANILL, the seventh of the two red suits; BASTO, the ace of clubs; PONTO, the ace of hearts and diamonds; king, queen, knave, deuce, three, four, five, six; in all 12. Spades and clubs, SPADILL, the ace of spades, MANILL, the deuce of spades and clubs, BASTO the ace of clubs, king, queen, knave, seven, six, five, four, three; in all 11. It is here to be observed, that the card which is manill and the second trump, is always the lowest in its suit when not trumps; and that the ace of hearts or diamonds, which when trump is above the king, is below the knave when not trump.

There are three matadores; spadill, manill, and basto; the privilege of which is, that when the player has no other trumps but them, and trumps are led, he is not obliged to play them, but may play what card he thinks proper, provided, however, that the trump led is of an inferior rank; but if spadill should be led,

Each person is to play as he judges most convenient for his own game. He is not to encourage his friend to play; but each person ought to know what to do when it is his turn to play. The stakes consist of seven equal mils or contrats, as they are sometimes called, comprising the ten counters and fishes, which are given to each player. A mil is equal to ten fish, and each fish to ten counters: the value of the fish is according to the players agreement, as also the number of tours, which are generally fixed at ten, and marked by turning the corners of a card.

If the cards should happen not to be dealt right, or that there should be two cards of the same sort, as two deuces of spades, for example, there must be a new deal; provided it is discovered before the cards are all played. The cards must likewise be dealt over again in case a card is turned in dealing, as it might be of prejudice to him who should have it, and of course if there should be several cards turned. There is no penalty for dealing wrong, he who does so must only deal again.

When each player has got his ten cards, he that is on the right hand of the dealer, after examining his game, and finding his hand fit to play, asks if they play; or if he has not a good hand, he passes, and so the second, third, and fourth. All the four may pass; but he that has spadill, after having shown or named it, is obliged to play by calling a king. Whether the deal is played in this manner, or that one of the players has asked leave, nobody choosing to play without calling, the eldest hand must begin the play, first naming the suit, and the king which he calls; he who wins the trick plays another card, and so of the rest till the game is finished. The tricks then are counted; and if the ombre, that is, he who stands the game, has together with him who is the king called, six tricks, they have won and are paid the game, the consolation, and the matadores, if they have them, and divide what is upon the game, and the beasts if there are any. But if they make only five tricks, it is a remise, and they are beasted, what goes upon the game, paying to the other players the consolation and the matadores. If the tricks are equally divided betwixt them, they are likewise beasted; and if they make only four tricks between them, it is a remise; if they make less they lose codill (a), and in that case they pay to their adversaries what they should have received if they had won; that is, the game, the consolation, and the matadores, if they have them, and are beasted what is upon the game: they who win codill, divide the stakes. The beast and every thing else that is paid, is paid equally betwixt the two losers; one half by him that calls, and the other half by him that is called, as well in case of codill as a remise;

(A) Codill is when those who defend the pool make more tricks than they who stand the game; which is called winning the codill.

in

Quadrille. mise; unless the ombre does not make three tricks, which case he that is called is not only exempted from paying half the beast, but also the game, the consolation, and the matadores if there are any, which the ombre in that case pays alone; and as well in case of a codill as a remise. This is done in order to oblige players not to play games that are unreasonable. There is nevertheless, one case in which if the ombre makes only one trick, he is not beasted alone, and that is, when not having a good hand he passes, and all the other players have passed likewise; he having spadill is obliged to play. Here it would be unjust to oblige him to make three or four tricks; in this case, therefore, he that is called pays one half of the losings. For which reason he that has spadill with a bad hand, should pass, that if he is afterwards obliged to play by calling a king (which is called forced spadill), he may not be beasted alone. He that has once passed cannot be admitted to play; and he that has asked leave cannot refuse to play, unless any one should offer to play without calling. He that has four kings, may call a queen to one of his kings, except that which is trump. He that wants one or more kings, may call one of those kings; but in that case, he must make six tricks alone, and consequently he wins or loses alone. The king of that suit in which he plays cannot be called. No one should play out of his turn, although he is not beasted for so doing. If he who is not the eldest hand has the king called, and plays spadill, manill, or basto, or even the king called in order to show that he is the friend, having other kings that he fears the ombre should trump, he is not to be allowed to go for the vole; he is even beasted, if it appears to be done with that intent. It is not permitted to show a hand though codill may already be won; that it may be seen whether the ombre is beasted alone. If the ombre or his friend shows their cards before they have made six tricks, thinking that they have made them, and there appears a possibility of preventing their making them, the other players can oblige them to play their cards as they think proper.

A player need only name his suit when he plays, without calling a king. He who plays without calling must make six tricks alone to win; for all the other players are united against him, and they are to do what they can to prevent his winning. He who plays without calling, is admitted to play in preference to him who would play with calling; however, if he that has asked leave will play without calling, he has the preference of the other who would force him. These are the two methods of play without calling that are called forced.

As he who plays without calling does not divide the winnings with any person, he consequently, when he loses, pays all by himself if he loses by remise he is beasted, and pays each of the other players the consolation, the sans appeller (which is commonly, but improperly, called the sans prendre), and the matadores if there are any; if he loses codill he is likewise beasted and pays to each player what he would have received from each if he had won. They who win codill divide what there is; and if there are any counters remaining, they belong to him of the three who shall have spadill or the highest trump the next deal. It

is the same with regard to him who calls one of his own Quadrille, kings; he wins alone or loses alone as in the other case, except the sans appeller, which he does not pay if he loses, or receive if he wins, although he plays alone.

If he plays sans appeller, though he may have a sure game, he is obliged to name his suit; which if he neglects to do, and shows his cards, and says "I play sang appeller;" in that case neither of the other players can oblige him to play in what suit he pleases, although he should not have one trump in that suit.

He who has asked leave is not permitted to play sans appeller, unless he is forced; in which case, as was said before, he has the preference of the other that forces him.

A player is not obliged to trump when he has none of the suit led, nor play a higher card in that suit if he has it, being at his option although he is the last player, and the trick should belong to the ombre; but he is obliged to play in the suit led if he can, otherwise he renounces. If he separates a card from his game and shows it, he is obliged to play it, if by not doing it the game may be prejudiced, or if he can give any intelligence to his friend; but especially if it should be a matadore.-He that plays sans appeller, or by calling himself, is not subject to this law. He may turn the tricks made by the other players, and count what has been played as often as it is his turn to play, but not otherwise. If instead of turning a player's tricks, he turns and see his game, or shows it to the other players, he is beasted, together with him whose cards he turned; and each of them must pay one half of the beast.

If any one renounces, he is beasted as often as he has renounced and it is detected; but a renounce is not made till the trick is turned. If the renounce is discovered before the deal is finished, and has been detrimental to the game, the cards must be taken up again, and the game replayed from that trick where the renounce was made; but if the cards are all played, the beast is still made, and the cards must not be replayed; except there should be several renounces in the same deal: then they are to be played again, unless the cards should be mixed. If several beasts are made in the same deal, they all go together, unless it is otherwise agreed at the beginning of the party; and when there are several beasts, the greatest always goes first.

A great advantage accrues from being eldest hand at quadrille, which often renders it very disagreeable to the rest of the players, being obliged to pass with a good hand unless they choose to play alone; and when it happens that the eldest hand having asked leave, the second player has three matadores, several trumps in back, and all small cards, be cannot then even play alone; and having no chance of being called, he must pass with this good hand. On account of which, this method has been thought expedient to remedy this defect of the game; each player having an opportunity of availing himself of the goodness of his game, by adding to the usual method of playing the game that of the media. teur, and the favourite suit.

The first thing to be observed is that of drawing for places, which is done in this manner: One of the players takes four cards; a king, a queen, a knave, and an ace; each player draws one of these cards; and commonly he who comes in last, draws first. The per

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The favourite suit is determined by drawing a card out of the pack, and is of the same suit, during the whole party, of the card so drawn.

A king is the mediateur, which is demanded of the others by one of the players, who has a hand he expects to make five tricks of; and through the assistance of this king he can play alone and make six tricks.

In return for the king received, he gives what card he thinks proper with a fish; but must give two fish if it is in the favourite suit. He who asks by calling in the favourite suit, has the preference to him who asks by calling in another; he who asks with the mediateur, bas the preference to him who asks by calling in the favourite suit, and by playing alone is obliged to make six tricks to win. He who asks with the mediateur in the favourite suit, has the preference to him who asks with the mediateur in any other suit, and is obliged to play alone, and to make six tricks.

If sans prendre is played in any other suit than the favourite, he who plays it has the preference to him who asks only, or with the mediateur, or even he who plays in the favourite suit with the mediateur; and the sans prendre in the favourite suit has the preference to all other players whatever.

The only difference between this method of playing the game and the other is, that when one of the players demands the mediateur he is obliged to play alone, and to make six tricks, as if he played sans prendre. In this case he should judge from the strength of his hand, whether the aid of the king will enable him to play alone or not.

With the mediateur and without the favourite suit it is played in this manner. The game is marked and played the same as in common, except that a fish extraordinary is given to him who plays the mediateur, and to him who plays sans prendre; that is, he who wins the mediateur receives 13 counters from each; and if he loses by remise he pays 12 to each; and 13 if by codill. The winner of sans prendre receives 17 counters from each; and if by remise he loses, he pays 16 to each, and 17 if by codill:

The vole with the mediateur receives one fish only, as at common quadrille. The beasts are also the same as the common game. The last game is generally played double, and is called paulans; but for those who choose to play a higher game, they may play the double colour, which is called the Turk, and is double of the favourite suit. There is also a higher game than this, called the auóde, which is paying whatever is agreed to him who happens to hold the two aces in his hand..

We have omitted many things respecting the mode of marking the game, and playing the vole, because these are different ia different cases, and are to be learned only by practice. The game itself is a very inferior one; but he who wishes to know more of it, may consult Hoyle's games improved by James Beaufort, Esq, from which we have, with very little alteration, taken this article.

QUADRIPARTITION, the dividing by four, or

tition

into four equal parts. Hence comes the term quadri- Quadripar, partite, the fourth part, or something divided into four. QUADRUPEDS, in Zoology; those animals which have four limbs or legs proceeding from the trunk of their body. See MAMMALIA.

QUADRUPLE, four-fold, or something taken four times, or multiplied by four, on which account it is the converse of quadripartition.

QUÆSTOR, see QUESTOR.

QUAGGA, or QUACHA. See EQUUS, MAMMALIA Index.

QUAIL. See TETRAO, ORNITHOLOGY Index. Quails are to be taken by means of the call during their whole wooing time, which lasts from April to August. The proper times for using the call are at sunrising, at nine o'clock in the morning, at three in the afternoon, and at sunset; for these are the natural times of the quail's calling. The notes of the cock and hen quail are very different; and the sportsman who expects to succeed in the taking them must be expert in both for when the cock calls, the answer is to be made in the hen's note; and when the hen calls, the answer is to be made in the cock's. By this means they will come up to the person, so that he may, with great ease, throw the net over them and take them. If a cock-quail be single, on hearing the hen's note he will immediately come; but if he have a hen already with him, he will not forsake her. Sometimes, though only one quail answers to the call, there will three or four come up'; and then it is best to have patience, and not run to take up the first, but stay till they are all entangled, as they will soon be.

The quail is a neat cleanly bird, and will not run much into dirty or wet places: in dewy mornings, they will often fly instead of running to the call; and in this case, it is best to let them go over the net, if it so hap pens that they fly higher than its top; and the sportsman then changing sides, and calling again, the bird. will come back, and then will probably be taken in the

net.

The calls are to be made of a small leather purse, about two fingers wide, and four fingers long, and made in the shape of a pear; that is to be stuffed halffull of horse-hair, and at the end of it is to be placed a small whistle, made of the bone of a rabbit's leg, or some other such bone: this is to be about two inches long, and the end formed like a flageolet, with a little soft wax. This is to be the end fastened into the purse; the other is to be closed up with the same wax, . only that a hole is to be opened with a pin, to make it give a distinct and clear sound. To make this sound, it is to be held full in the palm of the hand, with one of the fingers placed over the top of the wax; then the purse is to be pressed, and the finger is to shake over the middle of it, to modulate the sound it gives into a sort of shake. This is the most useful call; for it imitates the note of the hen quail; and seldom fails to bring a cock to the net if there be one near the place.

The call that imitates the note of the cock, and is. used to bring the hen to him, is to be about four inches long, and above an inch thick; it is to be made of a piece of wire turned round and curled, and covered with leather; and one end of it must be closed up with a piece of flat wood, about the middle of which there

Quail.

must

:

Quail, must be a small thread or strap of leather, and at the which is a praise to them that do well; which is a pro- Quakers Quakers. other end must be placed the same sort of pipe, made tection to them that do well, and not the evil; and of bone, as is used in the other call. The noise is made such soldiers as are put in place no false accusers must by opening and closing the spiral, and gives the same be, no violence must do, but be content with their sound that the cock does when he gives the hen a signal wages and that magistrate bears not the sword in vain, that he is near her. from under the occasion of that sword do I seek to bring people my weapons are not carnal but spiritual, and my kingdom is not of this world; therefore with carnal weapon I do not fight, but am from those things dead, from him who is not of this world, called of the world by the name of G: F: and this I am ready to seal with my blood; this I am moved to give forth for the truth's sake, who a witness stands against all unrighteousness, and all ungodliness, who a sufferer is for the righteous seed's sake, waiting for the redemption of it, who a crown that is mortal seeks not, for that fadeth away; but in the light dwells which comprehends that crown, which light is the condemnation of all such, in which light I witness the crown that is immortal, which fades not away from him who to all your souls is a friend, for establishing of righteousness, and clearing the land of evil doers, and a witness against all the wicked inventions of man, and murderer's plots, which answer shall be with the light in all your consciences, which makes no covenant with death; to which light in you all I speak, and am clear, G: F: who a new name hath, which the world knows not (A).”

QUAKERS, a religious society, which took its rise in England about the middle of the 17th century, and rapidly found its way into other countries in Europe, and into the English settlements in North America. The members of this society, we believe, called themselves at first seckers, from their seeking the truth; but after the society was formed, they assumed the appellation of friends. The name of quakers was given to them by their enemies; and though an epithet of reproach, seems to be stamped upon them indelibly. Their founder is generally believed to have been George Fox, an illiterate shoemaker (see George Fox), but this opinion has been lately controverted. An ingenious writer having found, or fancied, a similarity of sentiRev. Sept. ments among the ancient Druids and modern Quakers, 1793, art. 5. 'seems to think that Fox must have been nothing more

* See Month.

than a tool employed by certain deists to pave the way
for their system of natural religion, by allegorizing the
distinguishing article of the Christian faith.

It must be confessed, for experience will not allow it
to be denied, that extremes in religion are very apt to
beget each other; and if the deists alluded to reasoned
from this fact, they could not have pitched upon a tool
fitter for their purpose than George Fox. From his
works still extant he appears to have been one of the
most extravagant and absurd enthusiasts that ever lived,
and to have fancied himself, in his apostolic character,
something infinitely superior to man. In a book called
News coming out of the North, (p. 15.), he says of him-
self, "I am the Door that ever was, the same Christ
yesterday, to-day, and for ever." And in the intro-
duction to his Battle-door for Teachers and Professors,
he says,
"All languages are to me no more than dust,
who was before languages were." But one of the
most extraordinary and blasphemous things that he ever
wrote, is an answer to the Protector, who had required
him to promise not to disturb his govercment as then
established. It is as follows:

"I who am of the world called G: F: doth deny
the carrying or drawing any carnal sword against any,
or against thee O: C: or any man, in the presence of
the Lord I declare it, God is my witness, by whom I
am moved to give this forth for the truth's sake, from
him whom the world calls G: Fox, who is the son of
God, who is sent to stand a witness against all violence
and against the works of darkness, and to turn the peo-
ple from darkness to light, and to bring them from the
occasion of the war and from the occasion of the magi-
strates sword, which is a terror to the evil doer, which
acts contrary to the light of the Lord Jesus Christ;

The Quakers, however, did not long entrust the defence of their principles to such senseless enthusiasts as George Fox: They were joined by a number of learned, ingenious, and pious men, who new-modelled their creed; and though they did not bring it to what is ge. nerally deemed the Christian standard, they so reformed it as that its tenets do not shock common sense, nor the duties prescribed scandalize a man of piety. The chief of these reformers were George Keith, the celebrated Penn, and our countryman Barclay. Keith was indeed excommunicated for the liberties which he took with the great apostle; but we have not a doubt but his writings contributed to the moderation of Penn, and to the elegant and masterly apology of Barclay. From that apology we selected the summary of their opinions which was given in the former edition of this work; but they have lately published such a summary themselves, of which the reader will be pleased with the following abstract:

They tell us, that about the beginning of the 17th century a number of men, dissatisfied with all the modes of religious worship then known in the world, withdrew from the communion of every visible church to seek the Lord in retirement. Among these was their honourable elder George Fox, who being quickened by the immediate touches of divine love, could not satisfy his apprehensions of duty to God without directing the people where to find the like consolation and instruction. In the course of

bis

(A) We have transcribed this letter from the theological works of Mr Leslie, where it is preserved in its original form. The Quakers, after the death of their apostle, expunged from their edition of it the words which we have printed in Italics; ashamed, as we hope, of the blasphemy imputed to them: but that Mr Leslie's copy is authentic, is thus attested by two of the friends, who saw Fox deliver it to the protector's messenger: " W. are witnesses of this testimony, whose names in the flesh are, Tho. Adam. Rob. Craven."

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