to Theseus. The situation of the Acropolis, dominating the | of the Pelasgian Zeus cannot be regarded as proved, nor is it surrounding plain and possessing easy communication with casy to abandon the generally received view that this was the the sea, favoured the formation of a relatively powerful state- scene of the popular assemblies of later times, notwithstanding inferior, however, to Tiryns and Mycenae; the myths of Cecrops, the apparent unsuitability of the ground and the insufficiency Erechtheus and Theseus bear witness to the might of the princes of room for a large multitude. These difficulties are met by who ruled in the Athenian citadel, and here we may naturally the assumption that the semicircular masonry formed the base expect to find traces of massive fortifications resembling in some of a retaining-wall which rose to a considerable height, supporting degree those of the great Argolid cities. Such in fact have been a theatre-like structure capable of seating many thousand brought to light by the modern excavations on the Acropolis persons. The masonry may be attributed to the 5th century; (1885-1889). Remains of primitive polygonal walls which un- the chiselling of the immense blocks is not "Cyclopean." Prodoubtedly surrounded the entire area have been found at various jecting from the upper platform at the centre of the chord of points a little within the circuit of the existing parapet. The the semicircular area is a cube of rock, 11 ft. square and 5 ft. best-preserved portions are at the eastern extremity, at the high, approached on either side by a flight of steps leading to the northern side near the ancient "royal" exit, and at the south- top; this block, which Curtius supposes to have been the western angle. The course of the walls can be traced with a few primitive altar of Zeus "Toros, may be safely identified with interruptions along the southern side. On the northern side are the orators' bema, ò Xilos év Tô ПIUкvi (Aristoph Pax, 680). the foundations of a primitive tower and other remains, appar- Plutarch's statement that the Thirty Tyrants removed the ently of dwelling-houses, one of which may have been the TUKòs bema so as to face the land instead of the sea is probably due to dóμos 'Epexoños mentioned by Homer (Od. vii. 81). Among the a misunderstanding. Other cubes of rock, apparently altars, foundations were discovered fragments of " Mycenaean "pottery. exist in the neighbourhood. There can be little doubt that the The various approaches to the citadel on the northern side- Pnyx was the seat of an ancient cult; the meetings of the the rock-cut flight of steps north-east of the Erechtheum (q.v.), Ecclesia were of a religious character and were preceded by a the stairs leading to the well Clepsydra, and the intermediate sacrifice to Zeus 'Ayopaîos; nor is it conceivable that, but for passage supposed to have furnished access to the Persians-are its sacred associations, a site would have been chosen so unsuitall to be attributed to the primitive epoch. Two pieces of poly-able for the purposes of a popular assembly as to need the gonal wall, one beneath the bastion of Nike Apteros, the other in a direct line between the Roman gateway and the door of the Propylaea, are all that remain of the primitive defences of the main entrance. These early fortifications of the Acropolis, ascribed to the primitive non-hellenic Pelasgi, must be distinguished from the Pelasgicum or Pelargicum, which was in all prob- | The Pelas ability an encircling wall, built round the base of the gicum. citadel and furnished with nine gates from which it derived the name of Enneapylon. Such a wall would be required to protect the clusters of dwellings around the Acropolis as well as the springs issuing from the rock, while the gates opening in various directions would give access to the surrounding pastures and gardens. This view, which is that of E. Curtius, alone harmonizes with the statement of Herodotus (vi. 137) that the wall was " around" (pi) the Acropolis, and that of Thucydides (ii. 17) that it was beneath" (ó) the fortress. Thus it would appear that the citadel had an outer and an inner line of defence in prehistoric times. The space enclosed by the outer wall was left unoccupied after the Persian wars in deference to an oracular response apparently dictated by military considerations, the maintenance of an open zone being desirable for the defence of the citadel. A portion of the outer wall has been recognized in a piece of primitive masonry discovered near the Odeum of Herodes Atticus; other traces will probably come to light when the northern and eastern slopes of the Acropolis have been completely explored. Leake, whom Frazer follows, assumed the Pelasgicum to be a fortified space at the western end of the Acropolis; this view necessitates the assumption that the nine gates were built one within the other, but early antiquity furnishes no instance of such a construction; Dörpfeld believes it to have extended from the grotto of Pan to the sacred precinct of Asclepius. The well-known passage of Lucian (Piscator, 47) cannot be regarded as decisive for any of the theories advanced, as any portion of the old enceinte dismantled by the Persians may have retained the name in later times. The Pelasgic wall enclosed the spring Clepsydra, beneath the north-western corner of the Acropolis, which furnished a watersupply to the defenders of the fortress. The spring, to which a staircase leads down, was once more included in a bastion during the War of Independence by the Greek chief Odysseus. To the "Pelasgic " era may perhaps be referred (with Curtius and Milchhöfer) the immense double terrace on the north-eastern slope of the Pnyx (395 ft. by 212), the upper portion The Payx. of which is cut out of the rock, while the lower is enclosed by a semicircular wall of massive masonry; the theory of these scholars, however, that the whole precinct was a sanctuary addition of a costly artificial auditorium. Rock and tombs. The Pnyx, the Hill of the Nymphs and the Museum Hill are covered with vestiges of early settlements which extend to a considerable distance towards the south-east in the direction of Phalerum. They consist of chambers of dwellings various sizes, some of which were evidently human habitations, together with cisterns, channels, seats, steps, terraces and quadrangular tombs, all cut in the rock. This neighbourhood was held by Curtius to have been the site of the primeval rock city, крaváα wóλs (Aristoph. Ach. 75), anterior to the occupation of the Acropolis and afterwards abandoned for the later settlement. It seems inconceivable, however, that any other site should have been preferred by the primitive settlers to the Acropolis, which offered the greatest advantages for defence; the Pnyx, owing to its proximity to the centres of civic life, can never have been deserted, and that portion which lay within the city walls must have been fully occupied when Athens was crowded during the Peloponnesian War. Some of the rock chambers originally intended for tombs were afterwards converted, perhaps under pressure of necessity, into habitations, as in the case of the so-called "Prison of Socrates," which consists of three chambers horizontally excavated and a small round apartment of the "beehive' type. The remains on the Pnyx and its neighbourhood cannot all be assigned to one epoch, the prehistoric age. The dwellings do not correspond in size or details with the undoubtedly prehistoric abodes on the Acropolis. In view of the ancient law which forbade burial within the city, the tombs within the circuit of the city walls must either be carlier than the time of Themistocles or several centuries later; in the similar rocktombs on the neighbouring slopes of the Acropolis and Areopagus both Mycenaean and Dipylon pottery have been found. But the numerous vertically excavated tombs outside the walls are of late date and belong for the most part to the Roman period. " The Areopagus is now a bare rock possessing few architectural traces. The legend of its occupation by the Amazons (Aeschylus, Eum. 681 seq.) may be taken as indicating its military The importance for an attack on the Acropolis; the Areopagus. Persians used it as a point d'appui for their assault. The seat of the old oligarchical council and court for homicide was probably on its eastern height. Here were the altar of Athena Areia and two stones, the Xilos "Tẞpews, on which the accusor, and the Xilos 'Avaideias, on which the accused, took their stand. Beneath, at the north-eastern corner, is the cleft. which formed the sanctuary of the Zeuvai, or Erinyes. There is no reason for disturbing the associations connected with this spot as the scene of St Paul's address to the Athenians (E. | a circular stone-domed building in which the Prytaneis were Gardner, Anc. Athens, p. 505). Hellenic Period.-While modern research has added considerably to our knowledge of prehistoric Athens, a still greater light has been thrown on the architecture and topography of the city in the earlier historic or "archaic " era, the subsequent age of Athenian greatness, and the period of decadence which set in with the Macedonian conquest; the first extends from the dawn of history to 480-479 B.C., when the city was destroyed by the Persians; the second, or classical, age closes in 322 B.C., when Athens lost its political independence after the Lamian War; the third, or Hellenistic, in 146 B.C., when the state fell under Roman protection. We must here group these important epochs together, as distinguished from the later period of Roman rule, and confine ourselves to a brief notice of their principal monuments and a record of the discoveries by which they have been illustrated in recent years. The city In the maintained at the public expense; in the northern were the Leocorium, where Hipparchus was slain, the oroà Baoiλiký, the famous orоà TоKiλŋ, where Zeno taught, and other structures. The Agora was commonly described as the " Ceramicus," and Pausanias gives it this name; of the numerous buildings which he saw here scarcely a trace remains; their position, for the most part, is largely conjectural, and the exact boundaries of the Agora itself are uncertain. What are perhaps the remains of the aroà Baaiλikn, in which the Archon Basileus held his court and the Areopagus Council sat in later times, were brought to light in the winter of 1897-1898, when excavations were carried out on the eastern slope of the "Theseum" hill. Here was found a rectangular structure resembling a temple, but with a side door to the north; it possessed a portico of six columns. The north slope of the Areopagus, where a number of early tombs were found, was also explored, and the limits of the Agora on the south and north-west were approximately ascertained. A portion of the main road leading from the Dipylon to the Agora was discovered. The Ennea. cruaus. The earliest settlement on the Acropolis was doubtless soon increased by groups of dwellings at its base, inhabited by the dependents of the princes who ruled in the stronghold. These habitations would naturally in the first instance In 1892 Dörpfeld began a series of excavations in the district "archaic" lie in close proximity to the western approach; after between the Acropolis and the Pnyx with the object of deterera. the building of the Pelasgicum they seem to have mining the situation of the buildings described by extended beyond its walls towards the south and south-west-Pausanias as existing in the neighbourhood of the towards the sea and the waters of the Ilissus. The district thus occupied sloped towards the sun and was sheltered by the Acropolis from the prevailing northerly winds. The Thesean synoccism led to the introduction of new cults and the foundation of new shrines partly on the Acropolis, partly in the inhabited district at its base both within and without the wall of the Pelasgicum. Some of the shrines in this region are mentioned by Thucydides in a passage which is of capital importance for the topography of the city at this period (ii. 15). By degrees the inhabited area began to comprise the open ground to the north-west, the nearer portion of the later Ceramicus, or "potters' field" (afterwards divided by the walls of Themistocles into the Inner and Outer Ceramicus), and eventually extended to the north and cast of the citadel, which, by the beginning of the 5th century B.C., had become the centre of a circular or wheel-shaped city, πόλιος τροχοειδέος ἄκρα κάρηνα (Oracle apud | Herod. vii. 140). To this enlarged city was applied, probably about the second half of the 6th century, the special designation Tò aσTU, which afterwards distinguished Athens from its port, the Peiracus; the Acropolis was already ǹ πóλis (Thucyd. ii. 15). The city is supposed to have been surrounded by a wall before the time of Solon, the existence of which may be deduced from Thucydides' account of the assassination of Hipparchus (vi. 57), but no certain traces of such a wall have been discovered; the materials may have been removed to build the walls of Themistocles. The centre of commercial and civic life of the older group of communities, as of the greater city of the classical age, was the Agora or market. Here were the various public The buildings, which, when the power of the princes on Agora. the citadel was transferred to the archons, formed the offices of the administrative magistracy. The site of the primitive Agora (apxaía ȧyopá) was probably in the hollow between the Acropolis and the Pnyx, which formed a convenient meetingplace for the dwellers on the north and south sides of the fortress as well as for its inhabitants. In the time of the Peisistratids the Agora was enlarged so as to extend over the Inner Ceramicus on the north-west, apparently reaching the northern declivities of the Areopagus and the Acropolis on the south. After the Persian Wars the northern portion was used for commercial, the southern for political and ceremonial purposes. In the southern were the Orchestra, where the Dionysiac dances took place, and the famous statues of Harmodius and Aristogeiton by Antenor which were carried away by Xerxes; also the Metroum, or temple of the Mother of the Gods,the Bouleuterium, or council-chamber of the Five Hundred, the Prytaneum, the hearth of the combined communities, where the guests of the state dined, the temple of the Dioscuri, and the Tholus, or Skias, Agora, and more especially the position of the Ennea- of the society of the Iobacchi. There is an obvious difficulty in | assuming that Xiuvat, in the sense of "marshes," existed in this confined area, but stagnant pools may still be seen here in winter. Dörpfeld's identification of the Dionysium, év Aiuvaus cannot be regarded as proved; his view that another Pythium and another Olympieum existed in this neighbourhood is still less probable; but the inconclusiveness of these theories does not necessarily invalidate his identification of the Enncacrunus, with regard to the position of which the language of Thucydides is far from clear. Another enclosure, a little to the south, is proved by an inscription to have been a sanctuary of the hitherto unknown hero Amynos, with whose cult those of Asclepius and the hero Dexion were here associated; under the name Dexion, the poet Sophocles is said to have been worshipped after his death. The whole district adjoining the Areopagus was found to have been thickly built over; the small, mean dwelling-houses intersected by narrow, crooked lanes convey a vivid idea of the contrast between the modest private residences and the great public structures of the ancient city. The age of the Peisistratids (560-511 B.C.) marked an era in the history of Athenian topography. The greatest of their The foundations, the temple of Olympian Zeus, will be Academy referred to later. Among the monuments of their and rule, in addition to the enlarged Agora and the Lyceum. Enneacrunus, were the Academy and perhaps the Lyceum. The original name of the Academy may have been Hecademia, from Hecademus, an early proprietor (but see ACADEMY, GREEK). The famous seat of the Platonic philosophy was a gymnasium enlarged as a public park by Cimon; it lay about a mile to the north-west of the Dipylon Gate, with which it was connected by a street bordered with tombs. The Lyceum, where Aristotle taught, was originally a sanctuary of Apollo Lyceius. Like the Academy, it was an enclosure with a gymnasium and garden; it lay to the east of the city beyond the Diocharean Gate. of the Parthenon, which is exactly 100 ft. long, and also became a popular designation of the temple itself. The old temple of The ancient Hecatompedon may in all probability be identified with an early temple, also 100 ft. long, the foundations of which were pointed out in 1885 by Dörpfeld on the ground immediately adjoining the south side of the Erechtheum. On this spot was apparently the primitive Athena. sanctuary of Athena, the rich temple (iwv vnós) of Homer (Il. ii. 549), in which the cult of the goddess was associated with that of Erechtheus; the Homeric temple is identified by Furtwängler with the "compact house of Erechtheus" (Od. vii. 81), which, he holds, was not a royal palace, but a place of worship, and traces of it may perhaps be recognized in the fragments of prehistoric masonry enclosed by the existing foundations. The foundations seem to belong to the 7th century, except those of the colonnade, which was possibly added by Peisistratus. According to Dörpfeld, this was the "old temple" of Athena Polias, frequently mentioned in literature and inscriptions, in which was housed the most holy image (¿óavov) of the goddess which fell from heaven; it was burnt, but not completely destroyed, during the Persian War, and some of its external decorations were afterwards built into the north wall of the Acropolis; it was subsequently restored, he thinks, with or without its colonnade-in the former case a portion of the peristyle must have been removed when the Erechtheum was built so as to make room for the porch of the maidens; the building was set on fire in 406 B.C. (Xen. Hell. i. 6. 1), and the conflagration is identical with that mentioned by Demosthenes (In Timocr. xxiv. 155); its "opisthodomos" served as the Athenian treasury in the 5th and 4th centuries; the temple is the apxaîos vews Tŷs Hoλádos mentioned by Strabo (ix. 16), and it was still standing in the time of Pausanias, who applies to it the same name (i. 27. 3). The conclusion that the foundations are those of an old temple burnt by the Persians has been generally accepted, but other portions of Dörpfeld's theory-more especi Little was known of the buildings on the Acropolis in the ally his assumption that the temple was restored after the Persian pre-Persian period before the great excavations of 1885-1888, War-have provoked much controversy. Thus J. G. Frazer which rank among the most surprising achievements of maintains the hitherto current theory that the carlier temple of modern research. The results of these operations, which were Athena and Erechtheus was on the site of the Erechtheum; conducted by the Archaeological Society under the direction of that the Erechtheum inherited the name apxaos vews from its Kavvadias and Kawerau, must be summarized with the utmost predecessor, and that the "opisthodomos" in which the treasures brevity. The great deposits of sculpture and pottery were kept was the west chamber of the Parthenon; Furtwängler Acropolls now unearthed, representing all that escaped from the and Milchhöfer hold the strange view that the " opisthodomos " before the ravages of the Persians and the burning of the ancient was a separate building at the east end of the Acropolis, while shrines, afford a startling revelation of the development Penrose thinks the building discovered by Dörpfeld was possibly of Greek art in the 7th and 6th centuries. Numbers the Cecropeum. E. Curtius and J. W. White, on the other hand, of statues-among them a series of draped and richly accept Dörpfeld's identification, but believe that only the coloured female figures-masterpieces of painted pottery, only western portion of the temple or opisthodomos was rebuilt after equalled by the Attic vases found in Magna Grecia and Etruria, the Persian War. Admitting the identification, we may perhaps and numerous bronzes, were among the treasures of art now conclude that the temple was repaired in order to provide a brought to light. All belong to the "archaic " epoch; only a temporary home for the venerated image and other sacred few remains of the greater age were found, including some frag- objects; no traces of a restoration exist, but the walls probably ments of sculptures from the Parthenon and Erechtheum. We remained standing after the Persian conflagration. The removal are principally concerned, however, with the results which add to of the ancient temple was undoubtedly intended when the our knowledge of the topography and architecture of the Acro- Erechtheum was built, but superstition and popular feeling may polis. The entire area of the summit was now thoroughly ex-have prevented its demolition and the removal of the goavor to plored, the excavations being carried down to the surface of the the new edifice. The temple consisted of an eastern cella with rock, which on the southern side was found to slope outwards to a pronaos; behind this was the opisthodomos, divided into three depth of about 45 ft. In the lower strata were discovered the chambers-possibly treasuries-with a portico at the western end. remnants of Cyclopean or prehistoric architecture already men- The peristyle, if we compare the measurements of the stylobate tioned. Of later date, perhaps, are the limestone polygonal with those of the drums built into the wall of the Acropolis, may retaining walls on the west front, which extended on either side be concluded to have consisted of six Doric columns at the ends of the early entrance. Of these a portion may probably be and twelve at the sides. In one of the pediments was a gigantoattributed to the Peisistratids, in whose time the Acropolis once machy, of which some fragments have been recovered. more became the stronghold of a despotism. Its fortifications, though not increased, were apparently strengthened by the Tyrants. To its embellishment they probably contributed the older ornamental entrance, facing south-west, the precursor of the greater structure of Mnesicles (see PROPYLAEA) and the colonnade of the "Hecatompedon," or earlier temple of Athena, at this time the only large sacred edifice on the citadel. The name was subsequently applied to the cella, or castern chamber, The Persian wars. In 1896 excavations with the object of exploring the whole northern and eastern slopes of the Acropolis were begun by Kavvadias. The pathway between the citadel and The the Areopagus was found to be so narrow that it is grottoes of certain the Panathenaic procession cannot have taken Pan and Apollo. this route to the Acropolis. On the north-west rock the caves known as the grottoes of Pan and Apollo were cleared out; these consist of a slight high-arched indentation immediately to the east of the Clepsydra and a double and I have been ascertained from the remnants still existing in the somewhat deeper cavern a little farther to the east. In the first 18th century and the scantier traces now visible. The north mentioned are a number of niches in which wívakes (votive | wall, leaving the city circuit at a point near the modern Observa. tablets) were placed: some of these, inscribed with dedications to tory, ran from north-east to south-west near the present road Apollo, have been discovered. The whole locality was the seat of to the Peiraeus, until it reached the Peiracus walls a little to the the ancient cult of this deity, afterwards styled " Hypacraeus," east of their northernmost bend. The middle wall, beginning with which was associated the legend of Creüsa and the birth south of the Pnyx near the Melitan Gate, gradually approached of Ion. The worship of Pan was introduced after the Persian the northern wall and, following a parallel course at an interval wars, in consequence of an apparition seen by Pheidippides, of 550 ft., diverged to the east near the modern New Phalerum the Athenian courier, in the mountains of Arcadia. Another and joined the Peiraeus walls on the height of Munychia where cave more to the west was revealed by the demolition of they turn inland from the sea. The course of the Phaleric wall the bastion of Odysseus. To the east a much deeper and hitherto has been much disputed. The widely-received view of Curtius unknown cavern has been revealed, which Kavvadias identifies that it ran to Cape Kolias (now Old Phalerum) on the east of with the grotto of Pan. Close to it are a series of steps hewn in the Phaleric bay is not accepted by recent topographers. The the rock which connect with those discovered in 1886 within the exigencies of the defensive system planned by Themistocles could Acropolis wall. Farther cast is an underground passage leading only have been satisfied by a juncture of the Phaleric wall with eastward to a cave supposed to be the sanctuary of Aglaurus that of the Peiraeus. The existence of any third wall was denied where the ephebi took the oath; with this passage is connected by Leake, according to whose theory the southern parallel wall a secret staircase leading up through a cleft in the rock to the would be identical with the Phaleric. The language of Thucy precinct of the Errephori on the Acropolis. It is conceivable dides, however, seems decisive with regard to the existence of that the priestesses employed this 'exit when descending on their three walls. The Phaleric wall, branching from the city circuit mysterious crrand. at some point farther east than the middle or south wall, may have followed the ridge of the Sikelia heights, where some traces of fortifications remain, and then traversed the Phalerum plain till it reached the Peiraeus defences at a point a little to the north-west of their junction with the middle wall. The Phaleric wall, proving indefensible, was abandoned towards the close of the Peloponnesian war; with the other two walls it was com pletely destroyed after the surrender of the city, and was not rebuilt when they were restored by Conon in 393 B.C. The parallel walls fell into decay, during the Hellenistic period, and according to Strabo (ix. 396) were once more demolished by Sulla. The classical period: Themis Peiraeus. In the fifty years between the Persian and the Peloponnesian wars architecture and plastic art attained their highest perfection in Athens. The almost complete destruction of the buildings on the Acropolis and in the lower city, among them many temples and shrines which religious sentithe walls of ment might otherwise have preserved, facilitated the realization of the magnificent architectural designs tocles. of Themistocles, Cimon and Pericles, while the rapid growth of the Athenian empire provided the state with the necessary means for the execution of these sumptuous projects. Of the great monuments of this epoch few traces remain except on the Acropolis. After the departure of the Persians the first necessity was the reconstruction of the defences of the city and the citadel. The walls of the city, now built under the direction of Themistocles, embraced a larger area than the previous circuit, with which they seem to have coincided at the Dipylon Gate on the north-west where the Sacred Way to Eleusis was joined by the principal carriage route to the Peiraeus and the roads to the Academy and Colonus. The other more important gates were the Peiraic and Melitan on the west; the Itonian on the south leading to Phalerum, the Diomean and Diocharean on the cast, and the Acharnian on the north. The wall, which was strengthened with numerous towers, enclosed the quarters of Collytus on the north, Melite on the west, Limnae on the southwest and south, and Diomea on the east. The scanty traces which remain have not been systematically excavated except in the neighbourhood of the Dipylon; the discovery of sepulchral tablets built into the masonry illustrates the statement of Thucydides with regard to the employment of such material in the hasty construction of the walls. The circuit has been practically ascertained in its general lines, though not in details; it is given by Thucydides (ii. 13. 7) as 43 stades (about 51 m.) exclusive of the portion between the points of junc-extended the emporium, or Digma, the centre of commercial tion with the long walls extending to the Peiraeus, but the whole circumference cannot have exceeded 37 stades. Possibly Thucydides, who in the passage referred to is dealing with the question of defence, included a portion of the contiguous long walls in his measurement; this explanation derives probability from his underestimate of the length of the long walls. The "Long The design of connecting Athens with the Peiraeus by long parallel walls is ascribed by Plutarch to Themistocles. The Long Walls" (τà μakpà telxn, тà σkéλŋ) consisted of (1) the " North Wall" (rò Bópelov teîxos ), (2) the Walls." "Middle" or "South Wall" (rò dià μéσov reîxos, Plato, Gorg. 555 E; To vótɩov Teîxos); and (3) the "Phaleric Wall" (rò Paλnpixov Teixos). The north and Phaleric walls were perhaps founded by Cimon, and were completed about 457 B.C. in the early administration of Pericles; the middle wall was built about 445 B.C. The lines of the north and middle walls The great advantages which the Peiraic promontory with its three natural harbours offered for purposes of defence and commerce were first recognized by Themistocles, in The whose archonship (493 B.C.) the fortifications of the Peiraeus were begun. Before his time the Athenians used as a port the roadstead of Phalerum at the north-eastern corner of Phalerum bay partly sheltered by Cape Kolias. As soon as the building of the city walls had been completed, Themistocles resumed the construction of the Peiraeus defences, which protected the larger harbour of Cantharus on the west and the smaller ports of Zea and Munychia (respectively southwest and south-east of the Munychia heights), terminating in moles at their entrances and enclosing the entire promontory on the land and sea sides except a portion of the south-west shore of the peninsula of Acte. The walls, built of finely compacted blocks, were about 10 ft. in thickness and upwards of 60 ft. in height, and were strengthened by towers. The town was laid out at great expense in straight, broad streets, intersecting each other at right angles, by the architect Hippodamus of Miletus in the time of Pericles. In the centre was the Agora of Hippodamus; on the western margin of the Cantharus harbour activity, flanked by a series of porticoes; at its northern end, near the entrance to the inner harbour, was another Agora, on the site of the modern market-place, and near it the μakρà σTOά, the corn depot of the state. This inner and shallower harbour, perhaps the Kwoòs λμhy, was afterwards excluded from the town precinct by the walls of Conon, which traversing its opening on an embankment (τὸ διὰ μέσου χώμα) ran round the outer shore of the western promontory of Eëtionea, previously enclosed, with some space to the north-west, by the wider circuit of Themistocles. In the harbours of Zea and Munychia traces may be seen of the remarkable series of galley-slips in which the Athenian fleet was built and repaired. The galley-slips around Zea were roofed by a row of gables supported by stone columns, each gable sheltering two triremes. Among the other noteworthy buildings of the Peiraeus were the arsenal (σkevołýkŋ) of Philo and the temples of Zeus Soter, the patron god of the sailors, of the Cnidian Artemis, built by Cimon, and of Artemis Munychia, |
