ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA

A

DICTIONARY

OF

ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL

INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME XXVI
SUBMARINE MINES to TOM-TOM

NEW YORK

THE ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA COMPANY

1911

Copyright, in the United States of America, 1911,

by

The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.

AE
5

E36

1922

26

AMC9843

INITIALS USED IN VOLUME XXVI. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL

CONTRIBUTORS, WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE

ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.

A. B. Go.

AUGUSTE BOUDINHON, D.D., D.C.L.

{ {

Tisserand, François.

Professor of Canon Law at the Catholic University of Paris. Honorary Canon of Syllabus.
Paris. Editor of the Canoniste contemporain.

ALFRED BRADLEY GOUGH, M.A., PH.D.

Sometime Casberd Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. English Lector in the Swabian League.
University of Kiel, 1896-1905.

A. C. G.

A. C. McG.

A. D. G.

A. F. P.

A. G.

{Surface (in part).

{Sugar: Sugar Manufacture (in part).

{

Fellow and Tutor of Queen's College, Oxford, and University Reader in Latin. Theocritus.
Editor of Cicero's Speeches (Clarendon Press).

ALBERT CHARLES LEWIS GOTTHILF GUENTHER, M.A., M.D., PH.D., F.R.S.
Keeper of the Zoological Department, British Museum, 1875-1895. Gold Medallist,
Royal Society, 1878. Author of Catalogues of Colubrine Snakes, Batrachia, Salientia,
and Fishes in the British Museum; &c.

REV. ARTHUR CUSHMAN MCGIFFERT, M.A., PH.D., D.D.

Swordfish.

Professor of Church History, Union Theological Seminary, New York. Author of Theodoret (in part).
History of Christianity in the Apostolic Age; &c. Editor of the Historia Ecclesia

of Eusebius.

ALFRED DENIS GODLEY, M.A.

{

Fellow and Tutor of Magdalen College, Oxford, and Public Orator in the University. Tacitus (in part).
Author of Socrates and Athenian Society; &c. Editor of editions of Tacitus.
ALBERT FREDERICK POLLARD, M.A., F.R.HIST.S.

Professor of English History in the University of London. Fellow of All Souls Taylor, Rowland;
College, Oxford. Assistant-editor of the Dictionary of National Biography, 1893-
1901. Lothian Prizeman, Oxford, 1892; Arnold Prizeman, 1898. Author of
England under the Protector Somerset; Henry VIII.; Life of Thomas Cranmer; &c.

MAJOR ARTHUR GEORGE FREDERICK GRIFFITHS (d. 1908).

{

Tetzel.

H.M. Inspector of Prisons, 1878-1896. Author of The Chronicles of Newgate: Ticket-of-Leave.
Secrets of the Prison House; &c.

Formerly Musical Critic to the Morning Post and to Vanity Fair. Author of Masters Thomas, Charles.
of French Music; French Music in the Nineteenth Century.

A. MO.

A. M. F.*

A. N.

A. P. H.

A. R. S. K.

A. SI.

A. Sp.

A. S. C.

A. S. P.-P.

A. Wa.

A. W. H.*

A. W. R.

C. B.*

C. C.

C. EL

C. F. A.

C. F. B.

Formerly Professor of Semitic Languages in the University of Halle. Author of Sunnites (in part).
Der Islam im Morgen- und Abendland. Editor of Orientalische Bibliographie.

ARTHUR MOSTYN FIELD, F.R.S., F.R.A.S., F.R.G.S., F.R.MET.S.

Vice-Admiral R.N. Admiralty Representative on Port of London Authority. Surveying: Nautical.
Acting Conservator of River Mersey. Hydrographer of the Royal Navy, 1904-
1909. Author of Hydrographical Surveying; &c.

ALFRED NEWTON, F.R.S.

See the biographical article: Newton, AlfrED.

ALFRED PETER HILLIER, M.D., M.P.

Sugar-bird; Sun-bird;
Sun-bittern; Swallow;
Swan; Swift; Tanager;
Tapaculo; Teal; Tern;
Thrush; Tinamou;

Titmouse; Tody.

Author of South African Studies; The Commonweal; &c. Served in Kaffir War,
1878-1879. Partner with Dr L. S. Jameson in medical practice in South Africa till Swaziland (in part).
1896. Member of Reform Committee, Johannesburg, and Political Prisoner at
Pretoria, 1895-1896. M.P. for the Hitchin division of Herts, 1910,

REV. ARCHIBALD R. S. KENNEDY, M.A., D.D.

Professor of Hebrew and Semitic Languages in the University of Edinburgh.
Professor of Hebrew in the University of Aberdeen, 1887-1894. Editor of " Exodus
in the Temple Bible.

ARTHUR SHADWELL, M.A., M.D., LL.D.

{

Tabernacle;
Temple (in part).

Member of the Council of Epidemiological Society. Author of The London Water Temperance.
Supply; Industrial Efficiency; Drink, Temperance and Legislation.

ARCHIBALD SHARP.

Consulting Engineer and Chartered Patent Agent.
ALAN SUMMERLY COLE, C.B.

Formerly Assistant Secretary, Board of Education, South Kensington. Author of
Ornament in European Silks; Catalogue of Tapestry, Embroidery, Lace and Egyptian

Textiles in the Victoria and Albert Museum; &c.

ANDREW SETH PRINGLE-PATTISON, M.A., LL.D., D.C.L.

Professor of Logic and Metaphysics in the University of Edinburgh. Gifford

{Tire.

Tapestry;

Textile-Printing: Art and
Archaeology.

Lecturer in the University of Aberdeen, 1911. Fellow of the British Academy. Theosophy (in part).
Author of Man's Place in the Cosmos; The Philosophical Radicals; &c.

ARTHUR WAUGH, M.A.

Managing Director of Chapman & Hall, Ltd., Publishers. Formerly literary adviser

to Kegan Paul & Co. Author of Alfred Lord Tennyson; Legends of the Wheel; Symonds, John Addington.
Robert Browning in "Westminster Biographies." Editor of Johnson's Lives of the
Poets.

King's College, Cambridge. Author of A History of Epidemics in Britain; Jenner Surgery: History.
and Vaccination; Plague in India; &c.

SIR CHARLES NORTON EDGCUMBE ELIOT, K.C.M.G., LL.D., D.C.L.

Vice-Chancellor of Sheffield University. Formerly Fellow of Trinity College,

Oxford. H.M.'s Commissioner and Commander-in-Chief for the British East Africa Tatars (in part).
Protectorate; Agent and Consul-General at Zanzibar; Consul-General for German
East Africa, 1900-1904.

CHARLES FRANCIS ATKINSON.

Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Captain, 1st City of London (Royal
Fusiliers). Author of The Wilderness and Cold Harbor.

CHARLES FRANCIS BASTABLE, M.A., LL.D.

Supply and Transport

(Military);

Thirty Years' War.

Regius Professor of Laws and Professor of Political Economy in the University of
Dublin. Author of Public Finance; Commerce of Nations; Theory of International Token Money.
Trade; &c.

CARLTON HUNTLEY HAYES, A.M., PH.D.

Assistant Professor of History in Columbia University, New York City. Member of Sully.

Vice-President and General Manager of the Bond and Mortgage Guarantee Company, Title Guarantee Companies,
New York City. Director of the Corn Exchange Bank; &c.

C. H. Ha.

C. H. K.