...cases that the equal protection clause forbade judicial or executive officers to exclude them as well: Whoever, by virtue of public position under a State...clothed with the State's power, his act is that of the State.124 ""100 US at 309 (emphasis added). Strong similarly stressed the rights of unspecified black...

...law," the Court first invoked the guise of authority conception to resolve the state action question: Whoever, by virtue of public position under a state...or denies or takes away the equal protection of the law violates the constitutional inhibition; and as he acts in the name and for the state, and is clothed...

...State, or of the officers or agents by whom its powers are exerted, shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Whoever,...virtue of public position under a State government, denies or takes away the equal protection of the laws, violates the constitutional inhibition; and...

...State, or of the officers or agents by whom its powers are exerted, shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Whoever,...with the State's power, his act is that of the State. Ex parte Virginia, 100 US 346. See also — Home Telephone, etc., Co. v. Lrts Angeles, 227 US 278....

...amendment was directed against States, not individuals, reconciled the seeming inconsistency by saying: " Whoever, by virtue of public position under a State...property, life, or liberty without due process of law * * * violates the constitutional inhibition ; and as he acts in the name of and for the State, and...