THE ELECTION OF THE PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT The Executive Department-Appointment of presidential electors; Plenary powers of the States—Original pro- vision of the Constitution as to election of President and Vice-President; Inadequacy of─Twelfth Amend- THE POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE PRESIDENT The president as administrative chief-Administrative decentralization in the States-Increasing integration of Federal administration—Information to Congress -The President's control of foreign relations-The veto power of the President-The President's par- THE APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL OF OFFICERS Constitutional provisions—“Officer" of the United States defined-Inferior officers-Nominations-Creation of offices-Civil Service requirements-The power of removal-Congress may regulate the removal of in- offenses which are also violations of the local civil law-The power of Congress to vest in military tri- bunals exclusive jurisdiction over all offenses com- mitted by military persons, including offenses which are also crimes against the civil law-Powers of the Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy-Decla- ration of war—The prosecution of war—The organi- zation and disciplining of the militia—The militia as an arm of the Federal Government-The uses of the militia and Federal troops to suppress domestic dis- order-Military government-Military government Martial law defined-Martial law a form of the police power-Martial power limited-Martial law does not abrogate civil law and civil guarantees-Martial law and military government distinguished—Martial law in time of war-Exercise of military authority outside the immediate theatre of war: Ex parte Milli- The separation of powers-Separation of powers in the States not compelled by the Federal Constitution— Powers separated in the Federal Government-Sepa- ration of powers not complete The general principle stated-Declaratory and retroactive legislation— Legislative control of judicial procedure and powers -Jurisdiction and judicial power distinguished— Contempts-Pardoning powers of the President and contempts-Power of Congress to punish for con- tempt-The performance of administrative acts by CONCLUSIVENESS OF ADMINISTRATIVE DETERMINATIONS Due process of law does not demand determination of rights in courts of law-Fraud orders-Chinese Ex- clusion cases-Ju Toy case-Constitutional require- ments of administrative determinations-Arbitrary administrative discretion-Mandamus-The amena- bility of the President to compulsory judicial process -Obligation of the President to enforce laws be- lieved by him to be unconstitutional-Liability of the State for the acts of its officers-Legal liability of public officials to private individuals injured by their acts-Ultra vires acts-Responsibility of officers for improper exercise of authority-Malice, etc.--Respon- TABLE OF CASES A Ableman v. Booth, 21 How. 506; 16 L. ed. 169. Page .24, 420 Adair v. United States, 208 U. S. 161; 28 Sup. Ct. Rep. 277; 52 Adams v. New York, 192 U. S. 585; 24 Sup. Ct. Rep. 372; 48 L. Adams Express Co. v. Iowa, 196 U. S. 147; 25 Sup. Ct. Rep. 185; 49 L. ed. 424.... 277 335 .250, 256 v. Kentucky, 206 U. S. 129; 27 Sup. Ct. Rep. 606; 51 L. ed. 250 v. Ohio State Auditor, 165 U. S. 194; 17 Sup. Ct. Rep. 305; .260, 389 v. Ohio State Auditor, 166 U. S. 185; 17 Sup. Ct. Rep. 604; 394 Addyston Pipe & Steel Co. v. United States, 175 U. S. 211; 20 282 Ah Chong, In re, 6 Sawyer, 451 Alabama v. Burr, 115 U. S. 413; 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 81; 29 L. ed. 435..... 172 452 Allen v. Riley, 203 U. S. 347; 27 Sup. Ct. Rep. 95; 51 L. ed. 216 304, 372 Allgeyer v. Louisiana, 165 U. S. 578; 17 Sup. Ct. Rep. 427; 41 L. ed. 832... 339 Almy v. California, 24 How. 169; 16 L. ed. 644. 221 Ambrosini v. United States, 187 U. S. 1; 23 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1; 47 379 American Banana Co. v. United Fruit Co., 213 U. S. 347; 29 Sup. 285 American Insurance Co. v. Canter, 1 Pet. 511; 7 L. ed. 242..102, 123, 127, 129, 144, 150 American Publishing Co. v. Fisher, 166 U. S. 464; 17 Sup. Ct. 144 259 Page 534, 540 American School of Magnetic Healing v. McAnnulty, 187 U. S. 359 American Steel & Wire Co. v. Speed, 192 U. S. 500; 24 Sup. Ct. 258 Ames v. Kansas, 111 U. S. 449; 4 Sup. Ct. Rep. 437; 28 L. ed. 482.... American Sugar Refining Co. v. Louisiana, 179 U. S. 89; 21 Sup. 217 400 Anderson v. Dunn, 6 Wh. 204; 5 L. ed. 242. Anderson v. United States, 171 U. S. 604; 19 Sup. Ct. Rep. 50; 183, 529 282 81 Anglo-American Provision Co. v. Davis Provision Co., 191 80 458 Appleyard v. Massachusetts, 203 U. S. 222; 27 Sup. Ct. Rep. 122; 51 L. ed. 161. 91 Arkansas Rate Cases, 187 Fed. 290. 265 Arthur v. Oakes, 63 Fed. Rep. 310. . . . 332 Asbell v. Kansas, 209 U. S. 251; 28 Sup. Ct. Rep. 485; 52 L. ed. 778.. 247 Ashley v. Ryan, 153 U. S. 436; 14 Sup. Ct. Rep. 865; 38 L. ed. 773... 263 Atchison, etc., R. Co. v. Sowers, 213 U. S. 55; 29 Sup. Ct. Rep. 397; 53 L. ed. 695... 79 Atherton v. Atherton, 181 U. S. 155; 21 Sup. Ct. Rep. 544; 45 80 Atlantic C. L. R. Co. v. North Carolina Corp. Com., 206 U. S. 1; 27 Sup. Ct. Rep. 585; 51 L. ed. 933. 549 Atlantic C. L. R. Co. v. Riverside Mills, 219 U. S. 186; 31 Sup. Ct. Rep. 164; 55 L. ed. 167. 285 Atlantic Coast Line Ry. Co. v. Wharton, 207 U. S. 328; 28 Sup. 246 Atlantic & Pacific Tel. Co. v. Philadelphia, 190 U. S. 160; 23 363 Auffmordt v. Hedden, 137 U. S. 310; 11 Sup. Ct. Rep. 103; 34 L. ed. 674. 227 |